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THE ANALYSIS OF SIMILE IN TAYLOR SWIFT’S SONGS
Rahelia Maria Tulung
1
, Mister Gidion Maru
2
, Tirza Kumayas
3
English Education Department, Faculty of Language and Arts
Universitas Negeri Manado, Tondano, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract : This study aims at describing simile in Taylor Swift Songs. It is conducted to
identify the types, the function and the contextual meaning of simile used in Taylor
Swift’s Songs. In conducting this research, qualitative analysis is used. The data are
analyzed through the steps of data reduction, data display, conclusion and
verification as proposed by Miles & Huberman (2007). The instrument of collecting
the data is the researchers themselves as the key instrument. The findings of this
research show that there are two types of similes used in Taylor Swift’s Songs those
are open and closed simile. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of the author
to their personal experiences. The similes are used to make the song more
imaginable and meaningful. The most important function of simile is to draw sharp
pictures in the mind through comparisons, to give deeper insight into things, person,
and ideas trough suggestive association, or to explain abstract, complicated ideas in
simple concrete imagery. It’s better to use as it should be so the people will not be
offended but should make comfortable sense. In using simile, we need to consider
with the situation and context. The contextual meaning is the meaning of the words
according to the situation in which they are used.
Keywords : Simile, Taylor Swift, Song.
INTRODUCTION
Humans are social creatures who need
each other to live. In Social life, humans
need to communicate with each other and
language is the mean to do so. Liando
(2016) explains that without language, a
conversation cannot be created, and without
communication, people are unable to
communicate with one another. It means
that humans communicate information,
skills, and knowledge via their linguistic
ability Yule (2022). Sudarsono, Samola and
Maru (2018) then add that in social
interactions, some people communicate
more than they express themselves, using
language that conveys meanings more
effectively. This feature of language is
called figurative language.
Everyone has their own way to express
their thoughts. In expressing their ideas,
sometimes they use figurative language to
convey a specific meaning. According to
Abram and Harpham (2014), figurative
language deviates from what a language's
speakers typically understand as the
meaning or order of words in order to
convey a specific meaning. It means
figurative language is an expression of
language whose meaning differs from its
literal interpretation (Sumigar, Maru, and
Tuerah, 2021). We can observe that people
frequently speak in their own unique ways
in daily life. As pointed out by Maru, et. al.
(2023), people use language to
communicate with others to meet their
desires and needs, to express their inner
thoughts and emotions, to comprehend
abstract and complicated ideas, to study, to
make norms, and to preserve their culture.
There are various ways then express the
idea of the mind. It is sometimes flat,
funny, serious, ordinary, and others use a
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specific meaning that is metaphorically by
comparing words like simile.
A simile is a figure of speech that
compares two unrelated objects and
highlights their similarities. In contrast to a
metaphor, a simile creates comparison
using the words "like" or "as". Brugman, et.
al. (2019) describes that a simile is a
comparison of two things that are
fundamentally dissimilar; it is denoted by
the words like or as. Similes provide as
direct comparisons. It makes it clear that
one thing is comparable to another. It needs
terms like "like" or "as" to demonstrate how
comparable it is, for instance "he is like a
king" or "cute as a kitten" come to mind.
The simile can be found in our daily
conversation or even in songs. Sumgigar,
Maru, and Tuerah (2021) affirms that song
is one of the media for communication.
People often use the similes to emphasize
the meaning that they are trying to convey
to the reader or listener like in Taylor
Swift’s songs. Taylor Swift is one of most
artists in America. The songs of Taylor
Swift sometimes use similes to convey the
message through the song. The songs have
a deep meaning but sometimes people
cannot understand what simile meant in that
song.
Based on the background above, the
researchers intend to analyze simile used in
Taylor Swift’s songs. The purpose of the
study is to identify the forms, the function
and the contextual meaning of simile used
in Taylor Swift’s Songs.
Semantics
Semantics is a subset of semiotics, a
more comprehensive study of signs (Long,
2019). It deals with language as a system of
signs and words as signs (words as
symbols). According to Firuza (2020), the
study of meaning is referred to technically
as semantics, and as meaning is a
component of language, semantics is a
branch of linguistics. Semantics is the study
of meaning conveyed through language
(Swarniti, 2021; Simatupang, 2019). An
utterance is anything the speaker says,
whether it is a word or a full sentence
(Risdianoto, et. al., 2019).
Based on the explanation above,
semantics concern with the study about the
meaning through the language. It deals
with the various sign and symbol and what
they represent. Semantics is a subfield of
linguistics that deals with how language
users interpret words and expressions. It is
common knowledge that language is used
to convey meaning for other people to
understand.
Figurative language
Figurative language deviates from what
a language's users consider to be the usual
or standard, significance, or sequence of
words in order to obtain a particular
meaning (Abram & Harpham, 2014).
According to Utami, et. al. (2021),
figurative language refers to any non-literal
use of a word, phrase, sentence, or group of
phrases that deviates from the typical or
primary sense of a specific language unity.
Literature and poetry that engages the
reader's senses often use figurative
language. Figurative language comes in a
wide variety of forms. any particular word
or word meaning, including metaphor,
simile, personification, hyperbole,
symbolism, allegory, paradox, and
metonymy. In this study, the sole focus is
the simile.
Simile
According to Akram, et. al. (2022), a
simile is a comparison between two
dissimilar items. Similes are used to
describe things by contrasting two
dissimilar items. According to Borghi, et.
al. (2019), a simile is a comparison of two
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objects that are fundamentally dissimilar
and is denoted by the words “like” or “as”.
Similes are used to compare two things in
order to communicate a concept that is
more creative and imaginative. A metaphor
is metaphorical when it compares two sorts
of entities that are essentially dissimilar to
one another (Israel et al., 2004). There are
open and closed similes (Tartakovsky &
Shen, 2019).
Type of Simile
There are two types of related similes.
Azizah (2019) states that similes can be
either closed or open. When comparing two
things, a closed simile indicates the
similarities between the items. The reader is
supposed to look up the similarities in a
dictionary or interpret them in an open
simile, which compares two things without
mentioning any similarities. In a closed
simile, the shared property is specifically
mentioned to explain the comparison's
starting point. As an illustration of a closed
simile, the statement "my room is as cold as
Antarctica" identifies "cold" as a
characteristic that both the room and
Antarctica possess. However, the majority
of similes do not state the connection
explicitly, enabling readers to guess what
the two things have in common. "My room
feels like Antarctica," an open simile that
leaves the shared quality of being frigid
implied, expresses the same comparison.
Function of Simile
The most crucial role of a simile is to
create vivid mental images through
comparisons, to provide better
understanding of objects, people, and ideas
by suggestive association, or to clarify
abstract, difficult concepts using
straightforward, tangible imagery. A simile
must adhere to the following four
requirements: 1) It contains comparative
words like "like," "as," or "as if," among
others. 2) When comparing, there should be
two components: the primary phrase (tenor)
and the secondary term (vehicle). 3) There
must be a significant contrast between the
two items. 4) At least one quality should be
the same in the two items.
Contextual Meaning
According to Skelac and Jandrić
(2020), contextual meaning refers to a
word's significance in relation to the
context in which it is employed. Various
circumstances convey many meanings.
Crystal adds that the information
transmitted about the type of use a
linguistic unit has in its social setting is
likewise classified as contextual meaning.
According to Cheng, et. al. (2019), context
refers to the function that words and objects
serve as signifiers. It is possible to assert
that textual context has significance.
According to the justification provided, the
contextual meaning of a word is its
meaning in relation to the context in which
it is employed. A sentence's meaning might
vary depending on the context.
RESEARCH METHOD
This study is conducted in the
framework of the qualitative method since
the data of this study are in the form of
words rather than the number. According to
Mohajan (2018), “Qualitative research is
descriptive”. It means that qualitative
research is often used to describe the
characteristics of a particular group,
situation, or phenomenon (Doyle, et. al.,
2020). It provides a detailed account of the
experiences and perspectives of the
research object. Thus, the result of the
research contained quotations from the data
to illustrate and substantiate the
presentation.
In collecting the data, the researchers
use the script of the songs as the data
sources in conducting this research, and the
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researchers themselves as the main
instrument. The sources are divided into
two categories: primary and secondary.
The primary sources are fifteen songs by
Taylor Swift. The secondary sources are
some other books or articles related to the
title found on the internet for helping the
researchers conduct this study.
The researchers apply the descriptive
method in analyzing the data. Miles and
Huberman (2007) explain that analysis is
conducted using the following steps:
1. Data Reduction. Data reduction
involves summarizing and identifying
the key components related to the study
problem. Then, the data is organized
systematically to characterize and
facilitate data searching in the event that
it is no longer required. The researchers
will choose their focuses and abstract
the data in a field note as part of the
data reduction procedure. When
conducting research, the data is
reduced.
2. Data Display. Data display is utilized to
understand the full description of the
outcome. This approach is used to
arrange the data, description, or
narration in order to derive conclusions
as the second step in data analysis.
3. Conclusion and verification.
Conclusions are reached at the end of
the investigation. The researchers
gathered the information and develop
their interpretation.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This section deals the with findings of
the study to explore and explain the simile
in Taylor Swift’s Songs. The analysis is
carried out using the steps proposed by
Miles and Huberman (2007). The object of
this research is fifteen songs from six
albums produced by Taylor Swift. The
researchers purposively picked those fifteen
songs to be researched as those songs
contain lyrics with similes. Those albums
are Tim McGraw (2006), Fearless (2009),
Speak Now (2010), Red (2012), 1989
(2014), and Reputation (2017). The object
of this study is summarized in the table
below.
Table 1. The object of The Study (Swift’s
Songs with Similes in The Lyrics)
No
Albums
Songs
1
Tim McGraw
(2006)
1. Tim McGraw
2
Fearless
(2009)
2. Tell Me Why
3
Speak Now
(2010)
3. Sparks Fly
4. Speak Now
5. Mean
4
Red (2012)
6. Red
7. Holy Ground
5
1989 (2014)
8. Blank Space
9. Bad Blood
10. How You Get the
Girl,
11. Clean
12. New Romantics
6
Reputation
(2017)
13. King of My Heart
14. Call It What You
Want
15. I Did Something
Bad.
Having selected fifteen songs
containing some similes, in this section the
simile is displayed. The data are
categorized into two types of similes. Those
are open similes and closed similes. The
first type of simile is the open simile. After
selecting the songs, the researchers
collected the data that use open similes.
There are twenty-five open similes. The
following is a song that the lyrics use the
open simile:
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Table 2. Open Similes in Swift’s Songs
Song
Lyric with Simile
Tim McGraw
(2006)
1. “The moon like a
spotlight on the lake”
Tell Me Why
(2009)
2. “And I need you
like a heartbeat”
Sparks Fly (2010)
3. “The way you move is
like a full-on rainstorm”
Speak Now
(2010)
4. “A song that
sounds like a death march”
Speak Now
(2010)
5. “She floats down the
aisle like a pageant Queen”
Mean (2010)
6. “You, with your
words like knives”
Mean (2010)
7. “You, with your voice
like nails on a chalkboard”
Red (2012)
8. “Loving him is like
driving a new Maserati
down a dead-end street”
Red (2012)
9. “Once you're already
flying through the free fall
like the colors in autumn”
Red (2012)
10. “Losing him was blue
like I'd never known”
Holly Ground
(2012)
11. “Back when you fit in
my poems like a perfect
rhyme”
Holly Ground
(2012)
12. “Spinning like a
girl in a brand-new dress”
Blank Space
(2014)
13. “You look like my
next mistake”
Blank Space
(2014)
14. “I can read you
like a magazine”
How You Get the
Girl (2014)
15. “Stand there like a
ghost”
Clean (2014)
16. “You're still all over me
like a wine-stained dress”
Clean (2014)
17. “And every day is
like a battle”
New Romantics
(2014)
18. “But every night
with us is like a dream”
King of My Heart
(2017)
19. “Now you try on callin'
me, baby, like tryin' on
clothes”
King of My Heart
(2017)
20. “And you move to me
like I'm a Motown beat”
Call It What You
Want (2017)
Call It What You
Want (2017)
Call It What You
Want (2017)
Call It What You
Want (2017)
I Did Something
Bad (2017)
The second type of simile is the closed
simile. After selecting the songs, the
researchers collected the data that use
closed similes. There are three closed
similes. The following is a song that the
lyrics use the closed similes.
Table 3. Closed Similes in Swift’s Songs
Song
Speak Now (2010)
Bad Blood (2014)
Clean (2014)
After summarizing and separating the
data in the previous steps, the data are
described and interpreted by the researchers
to reveal the function and contextual
meaning of similes that are used.
1. “The moon like a spotlight on the lake”
(Tim McGraw – 2006).
The function of this simile is this
expression is shown the feeling by the
singer. Through this song the singer has
feel so happy when she remembered the
moment with the boy she loves. The
contextual meaning of this simile is through
this song the singer expresses the situation
that she was there when the reflection of the
moon is bright and intense beam of light
directly on the lake when you think
happiness.
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2. “And I need you like a heartbeat” (Tell
Me Why – 2009).
The function of this simile is this
expression is included because the author
presupposes himself to need her boyfriend
like a heartbeat. The contextual meaning of
this simile is she was felt in difficult
circumstances because she can’t a heartbeat
away from her boyfriend because she needs
and loves him even though her boyfriend
temporarily hurt her.
3. “The way you move is like a full-on
rainstorm” (Sparks Fly – 2010).
The function of this simile is this
expression is this song uses simile by
comparing the boy like a full-on rainstorm
when he moves. The contextual meaning of
this simile is the author was felt that the boy
acts suddenly and rashly like a full-on
rainstorm and the girl still has a hope in the
life and wants to meet again.
4. “A song that sounds like a death
march” (Speak Now – 2010).
The function of this simile is this song
uses simile by comparing a song that
sounds like a death march. The contextual
meaning of this simile is through this song
the author expresses her feeling that she
was listening a slow music, solemn march
in funeral procession when she was in
wedding procession.
5. “She floats down the aisle like a
pageant queen” (Speak Now – 2010).
The function of this simile is this
expression compared the woman floats
down the aisle like a pageant queen. The
contextual meaning of this simile is the
author expresses the woman moved slowly
a passage between rows of seats in a church
like a beauty contest.
6. “You, with your words like knives”
(Mean – 2010).
The function of this simile is this song
uses the simile by comparing the words and
the knives. The contextual meaning of this
simile is that is oversimplified her sad
feeling that the author feels so bad with
sharp words aimed like knives, to say or do
something unkind and feel even more
unhappy.
7. “You, with your voice like nails on a
chalkboard” (Mean – 2010).
The function of this simile is this song
uses the simile by comparing the voice and
the nails. The contextual meaning of this
simile is it’s conveying the emotion feeling
by the author that increasing and
overflowing as much the voice, to say
something that is right to express the
opinion and influence decisions.
8. “Loving him is like driving a new
Maserati down a dead-end street” (Red
– 2012).
The function of this simile is this
expression shows the feeling by the author
is in falling in love situation. The
contextual meaning of this simile is she was
so happy in her life, so she conveyed
herself like driving a new Maserati means
the Italian luxury car.
9. “Once you're already flying through the
free fall like the colors in autumn” (Red
– 2012).
The function of this simile is it uses the
simile to convey the feeling by author as
she was trying to reassure something good
in her life. The contextual meaning of this
simile is the time in someone's life that a
sudden drop in the value of something that
cannot stop but still fight about the dreams
and believe that could reach it.
10. “Losing him was blue like I'd never
known” (Red – 2012).
The function of this simile is this
expression this expression using a simile to
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conveyed the feeling by the author. The
contextual meaning of this simile is she
cannot breathe easily and be sad that she
has been lost someone she loves. So, he
comparing to show that it is her own
feeling.
11. “Back when you fit in my poems like a
perfect rhyme” (Holly Ground – 2012).
The function of this simile is this
expression is about author feeling too
certain someone she is awesome. The
contextual meaning of this simile is the
author used to convey about her feeling to
someone that she awesome when in Holy
Ground when she met someone in that
place. She was trying to always be there for
that someone so that the author carefully
chosen for the images and ideas and a piece
of writing like perfect particular rhythmic to
ideas her suggested to remembered the
moment.
12. “Spinning like a girl in a brand-new
dress” (Holly Ground – 2012).
The function of this simile is this
expression uses the simile by comparing the
spinning and brand-new dress. The
contextual meaning of this simile is the
author conveyed her journey of love so big
and wide like brand-new dress that
completely new, especially not yet used by
another just she only has and spinning very
fast without moving forward so happy to
enjoy the atmosphere.
13. “You look like my next mistake” (Blank
Space – 2014).
The function of this simile is the look is
like a reflection of her life story with her
previous ex-boyfriend. The contextual
meaning of this simile is this expression
shows courage. The writer has passion in
life and tries to hold it. So, she won't let
someone else's next mistake becomes a
reflection of her relationship before it ends.
14. “I can read you like a magazine”
(Blank Space – 2014).
The function of this simile is the author
compares a person to such a magazine. The
contextual meaning of this simile is she
presupposes that magazine is used to read
and provide information so that the author
uses them to convey her feelings which can
read someone, understand the situation
someone's intentions that appear on paper.
15. “Stand there like a ghost” (How You
Get the Girl – 2014).
The function of this simile is she
revealing by comparing someone stand as a
ghost to do things she won’t. The
contextual meaning of this simile is this
expression is shown that the author is in a
difficult situation, seems appearing as a
pale, almost transparent form.
16. “You're still all over me like a wine-
stained dress” (Clean – 2014).
The function of this simile is this
expression is shown his broke feeling. The
contextual meaning of this simile is the
author was trying to receive the things she
couldn’t. Through this song the author
wants to show that the sadness because
someone that loves make the author cannot
move on from that someone.
17. “And every day is like a battle” (Clean
– 2014).
The function of this simile is this
expression is to conveying someone’s
feeling to a certain boy she loves. She
compared it like day and a battle. The
contextual meaning of this simile is the day
and a battle is if something changes (from)
day to day, it changes often and try hard to
change the situation.
18. “But every night with us is like a
dream” (New Romantics – 2014).
The function of this simile is it uses the
simile to convey the feeling by authors as
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381
she was trying to reassure something good
in her life. The contextual meaning of this
simile is she still fights about the dreams
and believe that she could reach her
relationship with someone who loved.
19. “Now you try on callin' me, baby, like
tryin' on clothes” (King of My Heart –
2017).
The function of this simile is the author
comparing by exaggerating like tryin’ on
clothes to keep you warm, to be
comfortable, or for the way it makes you
look ask a question to going back together
in a relationship again. The contextual
meaning of this simile is this expression is
about the feeling that when it’s over they
will revived and certainly will back again.
20. “And you move to me like I'm a Motown
beat” (King of My Heart – 2017).
The function of this simile is she
conveyed herself like a Motown beat. The
contextual meaning of this simile is it’s a
type of popular music that was produced by
an American record company based in
Detroit in the 1960s and 70s. It
oversimplified her happiness is like the
Motown beat when they are taking together.
So, this expression shows the feeling by the
author that she was so happy in her life.
21. “My baby's fit like a daydream” (Call It
What You Want – 2017).
The function of this simile is it uses
simile to conveying the expression of the
author that has a special someone. The
contextual meaning of this simile is she
exaggerated her special someone such a
daydream because has not yet begun to
walk or talk with her because it is likely
seeming like delusion.
22. “My baby's fly like a jet stream” (Call It
What You Want – 2017).
The function of this simile is it uses
simile to conveying the expression of the
author that has a special someone. The
contextual meaning of this simile is she
exaggerated her special someone such a jet
stream because it isa narrow current of
strong winds high above the earth that
move from west to east on high above.
23. “Loves me like I'm brand new” (Call It
What You Want – 2017).
The function of this simile is it is using
simile by comparing the feeling of the
author such it I’m brand new. The
contextual meaning of this simile is that is
oversimplified her happy feeling that she
felt recently created or having started to
exist recently, and falling in love to
someone else.
24. “All the jokers dressin' up as kings”
(Call It What You Want – 2017).
The function of this simile is this song
uses the similes by comparing the jokers
and the kings dressin’ up. The contextual
meaning of this simile is it’s shown that the
jokers are always has done something that
annoys in the city but to be the best or most
successful in the middle felt when falling in
love.
25. “So, I play 'em like a violin” (I Did
Something Bad – 2017).
The function of this simile is the author
still plays the relationship like a violin the
neck and played by moving a bow across
the strings in a relationship. The contextual
meaning of this simile is this expression is
shown her broke feeling. She was trying to
receive the things she couldn’t. Through
this song the author won’t to stop to playing
something bad in her relationship because
she had lied to from whom she loved.
26. “Wearing a gown shaped like a pastry”
(Speak Now – 2010).
The function of this simile is this
expression compared a gown and a pastry.
A gown and a pastry look shaped that
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means having a particular shape or form.
The contextual meaning of this simile is
through the song the author conveying that
she stays and do not want to move. Because
she wants to stay in that place and be
hopeful, she was there in front of someone
who she loves, hat wedding immediately.
27. “Salt in the wound like you’re laughing
right at me” (Bad Blood – 2014).
The function of this simile is this
expression compared the wound and the
laugh. The contextual meaning of this
simile is when she has the wound that who
puts salt over there it makes the wound
hurts more. Same with someone is laughing
at somebody else that makes somebody else
be hurting, resentful. The same felt is hurt.
Trough the song the author conveying that
she is hurt with someone, because the
someone had betrayed her and happy of
sadness from her.
28. “And the sky turned black like a perfect
storm” (Clean – 2014).
The function of this simile is this
expression compared the sky and a storm.
The sky and a storm look black that means
having the darkest color there is. The
contextual meaning of this simile is through
the song the author conveying that she
cannot move on from ex-boyfriend when of
a very dark night. Because she had tried to
stopped to remember her boyfriend but she
couldn’t. The situation is same an extreme
weather condition with very strong wind,
heavy rain, and often thunder and lightning
on the sky turn black that is the condition of
her.
CONCLUSION
Based on the explanation of this
research, the researchers conclude that there
are some similes used in Taylor Swift’s
songs. It found in two types that is open and
closed according to the definition of simile
stated by Beardsley (1981:136). The
researchers find that twenty-five similes
used open and three similes used closed in
fifteen songs by Taylor Swift. Similes used
open are dominant that similes used closed.
The similes are used to make the song
more imaginable and meaningful. Similes
can be found in everywhere such in
language, literature and music. It is
interesting because the simile can make our
language more descriptive and enjoyable.
So, the use of simile is better in order to
make it sense more meaningful, imagine
and obviously.
The most important function of simile is
to draw sharp pictures in the mind through
comparisons, to give deeper insight into
things, person, and ideas trough suggestive
association, or to explain abstract,
complicated ideas in simple concrete
imagery. And last but not least is the
contextual meaning is the meaning of the
words according to the situation in which
they are used. Different situation may give
different meaning in a sentence.
The researchers would like to
recommend some suggestions to be
considered as follow: Simile is an important
part that we must understand in songs. Not
just in song, simile can also find in daily
conversation and in literary work. In using
simile, we need to consider with the
situation and context. It’s better to use, as it
should be so the people will not be
offended but should make comfortable
sense. Hopefully, this research can be
useful for the further studies that related on
this topic as the reference for their study.
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