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CATASTROPHIC

SPORTS INJURY RESEARCH

THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

FALL 1982 - SPRING 2018

From the

National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

At The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Website: nccsir.unc.edu

Prepared by:

Kristen L. Kucera, MSPH, PhD, LAT, ATC

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC 27514

Robert C. Cantu, MD

Medical Director, National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

Emerson Hospital

Concord, MA 01742

FINAL

October 3, 2019

DO NOT DISTRIBUTE

Report #: 2019-03

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 ii

Acknowledgements:

We acknowledge the significant contributions of recently retired Frederick O. Mueller, Ph.D.

who directed The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research (NCCSIR) from 1982

to 2013. Dr. Mueller’s work during those 30 years has improved the safety of football for the

participants and these impacts are demonstrated in the pages of this report.

We also acknowledge NCCSIR staff members Courtney Haley and Lily Wang and members of

the Consortium for Catastrophic Sport Injury Monitoring: Drs. Douglas Casa, Jonathan Drezner,

Kevin Guskiewicz, Johna Register-Mihalik, Steve Marshall, Dawn Comstock, David Klossner,

Tom Dompier, Zack Kerr, Erin Wasserman, and Christine Collins.

We also thank all the athletes, families, coaches, athletic trainers, medical providers, school staff,

state associations, researchers, journalists, and others who have participated in this research and

have shared information with the NCCSIR.

Funding & Disclosures:

The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research is supported by the American

Football Coaches Association (AFCA), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA),

the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), the National Athletic

Trainers’ Association (NATA), the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM),

the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE), and The

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH).

redistributed in whole or part without express written permission. Contact the

National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research for all questions

regarding this report at nccsir@unc.edu.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction

1

Methods

Outcome Definitions

2

Data Collection

2

Participation Data

3

Analysis

4

Results

Current year summary – AY2017-2018

4

Overall summary

5

Discussion

7

Recommendations

8

Case Summaries for AY2017-2018

12

References

22

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 iv

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1: Number of All catastrophic injuries/illnesses by year: All sports

combined, all levels (high school and college)

23

Table 2: Number of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by year: All sports

combined, all levels (high school and college)

24

Table 3: Number of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by year: All

sports combined, all levels (highs school and college)

25

Table 4a: Number of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by

sport: High school all years combined

26

Table 4b: Number of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by

sport: High school all years combined

27

Table 5a: Number of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by

sport: College all years combined

28

Table 5b: Number of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by

sport: College all years combined

29

Table 6a: Number of Catastrophic injuries/illnesses by Severity by year:

High school

30

Table 6b: Number of Catastrophic injuries/illnesses by Severity by year:

College

31

Table 7a: Rate of direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year:

High school

32

Table 7b: Rate of direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year:

College

33

Table 8a: Rate of indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year:

High School

34

Table 8b: Rate of indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year:

College

35

Table 9a: Rate of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by level and severity

by sport: High school

36

Table 9b: Rate of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by level and severity

by sport: College

37

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 v

Table 10a: Rate of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by level and

severity by sport: High school

38

Table 10b: Rate of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by level and

severity by sport: College

39

Table 11: Characteristics of all catastrophic injuries/illnesses AY 2017/18

40

Table 12: Participation numbers, 1982-1983 to 2017-2018

44

Note: Tables I-IX are located in a separate Appendix document located

here: http://nccsir.unc.edu/reports/.

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1: Rates of fatal catastrophic direct and indirect injuries/illnesses by

sport-gender among high school participants, 1982/83-2017/18

45

Figure 2: Rates of all catastrophic direct and indirect injuries/illnesses by

sport-gender among high school participants, 1982/83-2017/18

46

Figure 3: Rates of fatal catastrophic direct and indirect injuries/illnesses by

sport-gender among Collegiate participants, 1982/83-2017/18

47

Figure 4: Rates of all catastrophic direct and indirect injuries/illnesses by

sport-gender among Collegiate participants, 1982/83-2017/18

48

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 1

INTRODUCTION

In 1931, the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) initiated the First Annual

Survey of Football Fatalities and this research has been conducted at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill since 1965. In 1977, the National Collegiate Athletic Association

(NCAA) initiated a National Survey of Catastrophic Football Injuries, which is also conducted at

the University of North Carolina. As a result of these research projects important contributions

to the sport of football have been made. Most notable have been the 1976 rule changes making it

illegal to make initial contact with the head and face while blocking and tackling, the National

Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) football helmet standard,

improved medical care for the participants, and better coaching techniques.

Due to the success of these two football projects the research was expanded to all sports

for both men and women, and a National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research

(NCCSIR) was established in 1982. The decision to expand this research was based on the

following factors:

1. Research based on reliable data is essential if progress is to be made in sports safety.

2. The paucity of information on injuries in all sports.

3. The rapid expansion and lack of injury information in women's sports.

In 1987, a joint endeavor was initiated with the Section on Sports Medicine of the

American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The purpose of this collaboration was to

enhance the collection of medical data. Dr. Robert C. Cantu, Chairman, Department of Surgery

and Chief, Neurosurgery Service, Emerson Hospital, in Concord, MA, is the Medical Director of

the NCCSIR and has been responsible for evaluating the medical data. Dr. Cantu is also a Past-

President of the American College of Sports Medicine. The NCCSIR was directed for 30 years

by Dr. Frederick Mueller. Dr. Mueller retired in the Spring of 2013 and the NCCSIR continues

under new direction (Dr. Kucera). The NCCSIR has expanded to become a consortium of

universities (University of North Carolina, Boston University, University of Washington,

University of Connecticut, University of Colorado, University of Maryland) with expertise in

head/neck, cardiac, and heat-related sports medicine (these three areas account for the

overwhelming majority of catastrophic events).

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 2

To learn more about NCCSIR please visit: http://nccsir.unc.edu/about/

To learn more about the Consortium please visit: http://nccsir.unc.edu/consortia-and-partners/

To access online reports please visit: http://nccsir.unc.edu/reports/

METHODS

Outcome Definitions

For the purpose of this research the term catastrophic is defined as any severe injury

incurred during participation in a school/college sponsored sport. Catastrophic is divided into

the following three definitions:

1. Fatality

2. Non-Fatal - permanent severe functional disability.

3. Serious - no permanent functional disability but severe injury. An example would be

fractured cervical vertebra with no paralysis.

Sports injuries are also considered traumatic (or direct) or exertional/systemic (or

indirect). The definition for direct and indirect is as follows:

Direct - Those injuries that resulted directly from participation in the skills of the sport.

Indirect - Those injuries that were caused by systemic failure as a result of exertion

while participating in a sport activity or by a complication that was secondary

to a non-fatal injury.

Note: Beginning in 2014, NCCSIR also collects non sport-related injuries such as sudden

cardiac arrest that occurred outside of sport activity (e.g., during sleep). These events were not

included in the tables but are described in the Case Summary sections.

Data Collection

Data were compiled with the assistance of coaches, athletic trainers, athletic directors,

executive officers of state and national athletic organizations, online news reports, and

professional associates of the researchers. Data collection would not have been possible without

the support of the NCAA, the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS),

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 3

and the AFCA. Upon receiving information concerning a possible catastrophic sports injury,

contact by telephone, email or personal letter and questionnaire was initiated with the injured

player's athletic trainer, athletic director, or coach. Data collected included background

information on the athlete (age, height, weight, experience, previous injury, etc.), accident

information, immediate and post-accident medical care, type injury, and equipment involved.

Autopsy reports are used when available. In order to improve overall capture of catastrophic

sport injury and illness events, NCCSIR and the Consortium for Catastrophic Injury Monitoring

in Sport developed an online portal where anyone can report a catastrophic event:

https:\\www.sportinjuryreport.org. The portal was activated in January 2015.

Participation in Sport

Yearly participation estimates for high school athletes are obtained from NFHS

participation reports (available online:

https://www.nfhs.org/ParticipationStatistics/ParticipationStatistics/). NFHS high school annual

athletic participation for 2017/18 included 7,677,337 athletes (4,421,063 males and 3,256,274

females). Yearly participation estimates for collegiate level athletes are obtained from the

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) participation reports (accessed online:

https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/research/sportpart/Oct2018RES_2017-

18SportsSponsorshipParticipationRatesReport.pdf). NCAA participation for 2017/18 in

championship sports was 494,992 athletes. There were 278,614 males and 216,378 females.

There were also 3,314 males in non-championship sports (archery, badminton, bowling,

equestrian, rowing, rugby, sailing, and squash) and 2,427 females participating in emerging

sports (archery, badminton, equestrian, rugby, squash, synchronized swimming, team handball,

and triathlon).

During the entire 35 year period from the fall of 1982 through the spring of 2018, there

were 228,610,552 high school participant-seasons in the sports covered by this report and

approximately 13,069,182 college participant-seasons (Table 12).

Not all high schools and colleges are members of the NFHS and NCAA. Complete data

is not available for the non-member schools. Therefore, these participation numbers

underestimate the total number of high school and collegiate participants in the United States.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 4

Analysis

Frequencies and incidence rates of catastrophic injury per 100,000 participants were

calculated over the entire 36-year period and stratified by level (high school and college) and

sport. Incidence rates were stratified by direct versus indirect and by severity. Note: if there

were no events in the sport for a particular year, the year is excluded from the frequency

Table. Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

It is important to note that information is continually being updated due to the fact that

catastrophic injury information may not always reach the NCCSIR in time to be included in the

current final report. The report includes data that is reported to the NCCSIR by the NCAA, the

NFHS, online reports, colleagues, coaches, and athletic trainers. There may be additional

catastrophic injuries that are not reported to the NCCSIR. The authors acknowledge that not

every catastrophic injury is included in this report.

RESULTS

Current AY2017-2018 Summary

From July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018 there were a total of 99 catastrophic injuries/illnesses

captured by NCCSIR among high school and college organized sport participants. Of these, 85

events were due to or occurred during sport-related activities (Table 11). There were also 14

catastrophic events that occurred during non-sport related activity. All were cardiac-related.

Sport-related events: The majority of the sport-related catastrophic events (n=85) were at the

high school level (78%, n=66). Member institutions for collegiate cases included NCAA and

National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Overall 24.7% of cases were fatal,

9.4% were nonfatal, 60.0% were serious with recovery, and 5.9% were unknown. Forty-six

percent (n=39) were due to direct (traumatic injury) causes and over half occurred in competition

(50.6%) followed by practice (29.4%). The majority of events occurred to athletes participating

in the following sports: football (54.1%), basketball (15.3%), soccer (9.4%), baseball (4.7%),

cross country (3.5%), lacrosse (3.5%), track and field (2.4%), wresting (2.4%), swimming

(2.4%), cheerleading (1.2%) and ice hockey (1.2%). Areas of the body most commonly affected

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 5

were heart (38.8%), spine (21.2%), and head/brain (15.3%). Sudden cardiac arrest (38.8%) was

the most common types of events followed by brain trauma (14.1%) and other traumatic injuries

(9.4%).

Direct events: 12.8% of direct events were fatal, 20.5% non-fatal, 53.8% serious with recovery,

and 12.8% unknown. A greater proportion of direct events occurred in competition versus

practice (69.2% versus 25.6%) and were due to contact with another player (56.4%) or

apparatus/object (12.8%). The highest proportion was to the spine (46.2%) and head/brain

(33.3%) followed by other traumatic injury (15.4%) and commotio cordis (5.1%). The majority

occurred in football (79.5%) followed by soccer (5.1%) and baseball (5.1%).

Indirect events: 34.8% of indirect events were fatal and 65.2% were serious with recovery.

Similar proportions of indirect events occurred in competition and practice (34.8% versus

32.6%) and 10.8% occurred during conditioning and weight training sessions. The majority

were cardiac-related (71.7%), followed by heat related (15.2%) and rhabdomyolysis and other

(2.2% each). Football (32.6%) and basketball (28.3%) comprised the majority, followed by

soccer (13.0%) and track and field, baseball, lacrosse, cross country, and swimming (4.3% each).

Overall Summary

During this 36-year period, there were 2,686 catastrophic sport-related injuries/illnesses at high

school and college levels (Table 1 – excluding cheerleading, drill team, and rodeo there were

2,566). The majority were non-fatal (64%) and from traumatic or direct mechanisms (65%), and

among high school participants (79%). The proportion of fatal (38% versus 35%) and direct

(65% versus 62%) were not different by high school compared to college level.

The 85 sport-related catastrophic injuries and conditions captured in 2017/18 is not different

from the previous year (80 in 2016/17) and a 26% decrease from 2015/16—a result of a lower

number of traumatic brain and cervical spine/spinal cord injuries in 2017/18 and 2016/17. Note:

see limitations regarding the interpretation of this percentage difference.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 6

Traumatic Injuries (Direct) by Sport: For high school sports, football had the highest number of

traumatic injuries (direct) catastrophic events, followed by female cheerleading, wrestling,

baseball, and male track and field (Table 4a). Accounting for the number of participants in the

sport, male and female cheerleading, male gymnastics, football, and male ice hockey had the

highest rates per 100,000 participants (Figure 2, Table 9a). Similar results were observed when

restricted to fatal events (Figure 1).

For college sports, football had the highest number of traumatic injuries (direct) catastrophic

events, followed by female cheerleading, baseball, and male track and field (Table 5a).

Accounting for the number of participants in the sport, male gymnastics, female skiing, football,

male ice hockey, male skiing, equestrian and female gymnastics had the highest rates per

100,000 participants (Figure 4, Table 9b). Similar results were observed when restricted to fatal

events (Figure 3).

Exertional and Systemic Conditions (Indirect) by Sport: For high school sports, football had the

highest number of exertional and systemic (indirect) catastrophic events, followed by male

basketball, male track and field, male soccer, wrestling, baseball, and male cross country (Table

4b). Accounting for the number of participants in the sport, rowing, male basketball, football,

male ice hockey, male water polo, and male lacrosse had the highest rates per 100,000

participants (Figure 2, Table 10a). Similar results were observed when restricted to fatal events

(Figure 1).

For college sports, football had the highest number of exertional and systemic (indirect)

catastrophic events, followed by male basketball, wrestling, female basketball, baseball, male

soccer, and male swimming (Table 5b). Accounting for the number of participants in the sport,

male basketball, male water polo, male skiing, football, male wrestling, male ice hockey, male

swimming, and male rowing had the highest rates per 100,000 participants (Figure 4, Table 10b).

Similar results were observed when restricted to fatal events (Figure 3).

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 7

DISCUSSION

The following strengths and limitations should be noted:

• Data have been collected by The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

for all high school and college sports since 1982 using consistent definitions and

methodology over a 30+ year period. These data are provided annually to sport

organizations (NCAA, NFHS, AFCA), researchers and the public. Sports medicine

advisory committees, sport rules committees, and coaching committees review the reports

and have used these data to inform and evaluate safety recommendations, medical care,

and rule changes.

• Catastrophic events are primarily captured through publicly available media reports.

Therefore, not all catastrophic events are captured. Particularly, for non-fatal

catastrophic events, which may not be reported in the media as comprehensively as

fatalities. Under-reporting may also be due to outcome definitions used (e.g. timing of

the event) and event locations (e.g. at home, personal conditioning). In order to

improve overall capture of these events, NCCSIR and the Consortium for

Catastrophic Injury Monitoring in Sport have developed an online portal where

anyone can report a catastrophic event: https:\\www.sportinjuryreport.org. The

online portal was activated in January 2015. Any observed changes in annual number of

events may be attributed to these described improvements in data collection methods.

• Details surrounding catastrophic events that are only captured through publicly available

media reports may not be completely accurate in the absence of the actual autopsy or

medical reports.

• Incidence rates were calculated using participation estimates from NFHS and the NCAA

in the rate denominator (Table 12). These participation estimates do not include schools

that are not members of these two associations. Participation data were not available for

these non-member schools. At present NFHS and NCAA are the only estimates

available. Therefore, the participation numbers (rate denominator) in this report are

underestimated, which results in an overestimate of the actual incidence rate.

• It is important to note that catastrophic events are rare and statistical power for some

strata comparisons are limited. Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be

interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 8

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Each athlete should have a complete physical examination with a medical history and an

annual health history update.

2. All personnel involved with training athletes should emphasize proper, gradual, and sport-

specific physical conditioning.

3. Every school should strive to have a certified athletic trainer.

4. Each school should have a written emergency action plan (EAP) in place, all personnel

should have copies, and procedures should be reviewed and practiced annually.

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has guidelines and templates

for these plans (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-101/emrgact/emrgact1.html).

• NCAA and the NFHS have guidelines for these plans at the following websites:

www.nfhs.org and www.ncaa.org.

• An automated external defibrillator (AED) should be available and accessible

onsite and medical and coaching staff should be trained in the use.

5. There should be an emphasis on employing well trained athletic personnel, providing

excellent facilities, and securing the safest and best equipment available.

6. There should be strict enforcement of game rules and administrative regulations to protect

the health of the athlete and reduce the risk of catastrophic injury. Coaches and school

officials must support the game officials in their rulings during the sporting event.

7. Coaches should be educated on and have the ability to teach the proper fundamental skills

of the specific sport. Specific to football, the proper fundamentals of blocking and

tackling should be emphasized to help reduce head and neck injuries, especially with

keeping the head out of blocking and tackling.

8. Weight loss in wrestling to make weight for a match can be dangerous and cause serious

injury or death. Coaches should be aware of safety precautions and rules associated with

this practice.

9. There should be continued surveillance and safety research in athletics (rules, facilities,

equipment, medical care and procedures).

10. Sudden cardiac arrest: The number of exertional and systemic (indirect) cardiac related

events has increased over the years and it is recommended that schools have and

emergency action plan and automated external defibrillators (AED) available and

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 9

accessible on-site for emergency situations. Early detection and defibrillation is critical

for survival (3-5 minutes recommended). (Casa et al. 2012)

• See also Drezner et al. 2007 for additional information about sudden cardiac arrest

preparedness and management: http://www.nata.org/sites/default/files/sudden-

cardiac-arrest-consensus-statement.pdf

11. Heat-illness: All personnel associated with sport participation should be cognizant of the

safety measures related to physical activity in hot weather. Heat stroke and heat

exhaustion are prevented by careful control of various factors in the conditioning program

of the athlete.

• The NATA has a heat illness position statement on their web site

(https://www.nata.org/news-publications/pressroom/statements/position) with

recommendations for prevention: Casa et al. 2015

(http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07) and Casa & Cisllan,

2009 (http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-44.3.332)

• Coaches, athletic trainers, and players should refer to the multiple published best

practices by the NATA, American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), NFHS, and

NCAA on preventing and managing heat illness. Emergency action plans should be

activated.

• Link to the NFHS Sport Medicine Advisory Committee Position Statements:

https://www.nfhs.org/sports-resource-content/nfhs-sports-medicine-position-

statements-and-guidelines/

• Link to handout from the NATA on Heat Illness:

http://www.nfhs.org/media/1015650/2015-nata-heat-illness-handout.pdf

• Link to handout from the Kory Stringer Institute on exertional heat stroke prevention:

https://ksi.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1222/2018/01/Preventing-Surviving-

EHS-September-2017.pdf

12. Head Trauma: When a player has shown signs or symptoms of head trauma (such as a

change in the athlete’s behavior, thinking, or physical functioning), the player should

receive immediate medical attention from an appropriate medical provider and should not

be allowed to return to practice or game that day. The athlete should not be allowed to

return to practice or game without an evaluation by an appropriate medical provider.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 10

• All athletes and athletic personnel should follow the state, NFHS, and NCAA policies

related to concussion and return to play. See the following CDC resource for a list of

states and their concussion policies: https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/policy/index.html

• For the most up to date information on concussion management please see the

updated Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport: The 5th International

Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Berlin, October 2016 (McCrory et al.

2017 available at http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/11/838).

• Some cases associated with brain trauma reported that players complained of

symptoms or had a previous concussion prior to their deaths. The team physician,

athletic trainer, or coach should ensure players understand signs and symptoms of

concussion and brain trauma. Players should also be encouraged to inform the team

physician, athletic trainer, or coach if they are experiencing any of the signs or

symptoms of brain trauma outlined by the CDC.

• HEADS UP ON CONCUSSION IN SPORTS:

Information for Parents, Coaches, and School & Sports Professionals. Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/headsup/highschoolsports/index.html

The NFHS Sport Medicine Advisory Committee has developed guidelines for concussion

management in sports: http://www.nfhs.org/media/1014737/suggested-guidelines-for-

management-of-a-concussion-in-sports-october-2013-2.pdf

The NCAA has created several rules to help manage concussion injuries. The NCAA has

created a set of best practices that are available in the Sports Medicine Handbook which may

be found at: http://www.ncaapublications.com/

Every NCAA member school is required to have a concussion-management plan that:

• Requires student-athletes to receive information about the signs and symptoms of

concussions. They also are required to sign a waiver that says they are responsible for

reporting injuries to the medical staff.

• Mandates that institutions provide a process for removing a student-athlete from

play/participation if they exhibit signs of a concussion. Student-athletes exhibiting

signs of a concussions must be evaluated by a medical staff member with experience

in the evaluation and management of concussions before they return to play.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 11

• Prohibits a student-athlete with concussion symptoms from returning to play on the

same day of the activity.

• Requires student-athletes diagnosed with a concussion be cleared by a physician

before they are permitted to return.

13. Spinal injuries: Early recognition, prompt medical evaluation and management of

cervical cord and spine injuries is critical for preventing permanent disability and death.

Certified athletic trainers are trained to recognize and manage these injuries and whenever

possible should be present for all football practices and games. For the most up to date

information on management and prevention of these injuries see the following websites:

• National Athletic Trainers Association: https://www.nata.org/practice-patient-

care/health-issues/spine-injury

• Kory Stringer Institute: https://ksi.uconn.edu/emergency-conditions/cervical-spine-

injury/

• See also Swartz et al. 2009 for information about cervical spinal injury management

and prevention:

http://www.nata.org/sites/default/files/AcuteMgmtOfCervicalSpineInjuredAthlete.pdf

14. Internal Organ Injuries: Like cervical cord and spinal injuries, early recognition and

prompt medical evaluation and treatment of internal organ injuries is critical for ensuring

the best possible outcome. Emergency action plans, access to certified athletic trainers,

and on-site medical services for competitions constitute best practices for these injuries.

A better understanding of the activities and mechanisms associated with these injuries

and use of protective gear worn is needed for prevention. Wearing protective gear (e.g.,

padded belt or shirt) that extends beyond the bottom of the shoulder pads to cover the

torso may protect internal organs from direct contact.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 12

CASE SUMMARIES AY2017/18

*Compiled from available media reports (n=85 events captured by NCCSIR).

COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY

Collegiate/University Baseball Indirect

A male 17 year old college sophomore baseball player collapsed at home after finishing a

personal workout from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. He was surrounded by teammates who

began CPR until EMS arrived. After being hospitalized, he underwent a heart transplant. A full

recovery is expected. He has been diagnosed with the cardiac condition a few years prior but was

taking medication and cleared to play baseball.

A male 18 year old collegiate sophomore baseball player collapsed while helping coach a

baseball practice. He was throwing pitches in the bullpen when he collapsed. The team's head

coach immediately started CPR and continued until EMS arrived. He received three AED shocks

during transport to a hospital. He had a defibrillator implanted and a full recovery is expected.

Collegiate/University Basketball Indirect

A male college senior basketball guard collapsed during a game while sitting on the bench from

sudden cardiac arrest. He was immediately attended to by the athletic trainer who began CPR

while EMS were called. He was revived with an AED. He was transported to the hospital where

he underwent surgery to have a defibrillator implanted. Full recovery is expected.

A male 20 year old college junior basketball player collapsed during a scrimmage game. He was

revived by coaches and AED before EMS arrived. He was transported to the hospital where he

was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. He underwent surgery to have a defibrillator

implanted. A full recovery is expected but he can no longer play basketball.

Collegiate/University Football Direct

A male 22 year old college football quarterback sustained an injury when an opposing player fell

on him during a football game. Athlete kept playing until sustaining a mild concussion later in

the game. He went to the hospital where he was diagnosed with a lacerated spleen causing

internal bleeding. Athlete underwent emergency surgery and is expected to make a full recovery.

A male 21 year old college football offensive lineman complained of not feeling well following a

football game. The athlete was transported by EMS to the hospital where he later passed away.

Cause of death was cerebral edema with brain death.

A male 18 year old college freshman cornerback sustained a spinal cord injury during a football

game. The athlete attempted to tackle the opposing team’s wide receiver and was injured as a

result of the play. The athlete was transported by EMS to a hospital where he underwent

emergency surgery. He is currently paralyzed from the neck down.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 13

A male 19 year old college football cornerback sustained a spinal cord injury and spinal fracture

during a football game. The athlete attempted to make a tackle and was injured as a result of the

play. The athlete was transported by EMS to a hospital and died three days later.

A male 21 year old college senior football player was sacked during a game. He was diagnosed

with a thoracic spine fracture and released from the hospital later that night. A full recovery is

expected.

A male college sophomore football tight end was injured in a collision with a teammate in spring

practice. The athlete was taken to a hospital with abdominal pain and was diagnosed with a

lacerated spleen. The injury did not require surgery and the athlete is expected to make a full

recovery.

Collegiate/University Football Indirect

A male 19 year old college football linebacker collapsed during football practice. He complained

of not feeling well (dizziness and chest pain), collapsed, and began seizing shortly afterwards.

Athletic trainers performed CPR and applied an AED until EMS arrived. The athlete was

transported to the hospital where he later died. Cause of death was due to cardiomegaly.

A male 21 year old college junior football player collapsed during a non-contact drill during

football practice. He was transported to a hospital where he later died. Cause of death was

cardiac tamponade with spontaneous dissection of the ascending aorta.

A male college senior football player suffered heat stroke while in practice. His temperature

reached 106 degrees before he was cooled. His organs began shutting down but a full recovery is

expected.

A male 18 year old college football player was sick prior to the third day of football practice. He

complained of feeling hot and his neck was iced. He eventually collapsed and was transported to

the hospital where he was diagnosed with heat stroke and rhabdomyolysis. A full recovery was

made.

A male 19 year old collegiate football offensive lineman suffered a heatstroke during an

organized team workout. He was tended to by athletic trainers and then transported by EMS to a

nearby hospital. He passed away two weeks later from his injuries. Cause of death was from heat

stroke.

A male 25 year old collegiate football player suffered rhabdomyolysis during football practice.

Towards the end of a practice session, the athlete began cramping severely. An athletic trainer

placed him in a cold tub. When condition did not improve, athlete was transported to a hospital

for further evaluation. Athlete was diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis complicated by sickle cell

trait positive status.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 14

Collegiate/University Soccer Direct

A female 22 year old collegiate soccer midfielder sustained an injury during a soccer game. The

athlete leaped to head the ball away during a corner kick when she collided with another player.

Following the injury, she was unable to get up. She was transported to the hospital and diagnosed

with a spinal cord contusion. One week post-injury, the athlete is paralyzed from the thigh down.

A full recovery is expected.

A female collegiate soccer defender was hit in the chest by the ball and experienced commotio

cordis during a soccer practice. She was revived by coaches and later transported by EMS to the

hospital. The athlete had a pacemaker temporarily implanted and is expected to make a full

recovery.

Collegiate/University Wrestling Indirect

A male college redshirt junior collapsed during a wrestling match from sudden cardiac arrest.

CPR and AED were used to revive him before he was transported to the hospital. A full recovery

is expected.

HIGH SCHOOL

High School Sponsored Baseball Direct

A male 15 year old high school freshman baseball second baseman fractured his skull in baseball

practice. The athlete was sprinting to catch a pop fly and when he dove, his head collided with

the knee of another player. He was life-flighted to a nearby hospital where he underwent surgery

to repair the damages. A full recovery is expected.

A male 17 year old high school senior baseball third baseman was hit in the face by a baseball

during a game. On the field he went unconscious and began seizing. EMS was called and the

athlete was transported to a hospital. There he was diagnosed with a grade 3 concussion, nasal

fracture, and cheekbone fracture. A full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Basketball Indirect

A male 17 year old high school basketball player collapsed at a summer basketball camp.

Bystanders attempted CPR until paramedics arrived. Athlete was transported by EMS to a nearby

hospital where he later died. Cause of death was due to cardiac arrhythmia and hypertrophic

cardiomyopathy.

A male 16 year old high school sophomore basketball player collapsed during a scrimmage game

from sudden cardiac arrest. An athletic trainer used CPR and AED to revive him. He was

transported to the hospital and a full recovery is expected.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 15

A male 14 year old high school freshman basketball player collapsed in the cafeteria after

playing basketball with friends during school. He was attended to by the resource officer who

used CPR and AED to revive him. He was transported to the hospital and diagnosed with Long

QT syndrome. A full recovery is expected.

A male 15 year old high school athlete was trying out for the basketball team when he collapsed

from sudden cardiac arrest. He was attended to by coaches who used an AED to revive him. A

full recovery is expected.

A male high school junior basketball player collapsed while warming up for practice from

sudden cardiac arrest. He was attended to by the athletic trainer who used CPR and AED to

revive him before EMS transported him to the hospital. He was diagnosed with ventricular

tachycardia. A full recovery is expected.

A male high school senior basketball player collapsed during a game from sudden cardiac arrest.

He was administered CPR before being transported to the hospital. A full recovery is expected

but he is no longer allowed to play sports.

A male 17 year old high school senior basketball player collapsed during a game. He was

transported to the hospital and diagnosed with Long QT Syndrome. A full recovery is expected.

A male 16 year old high school sophomore basketball player collapsed at the school during a

pickup game. He was attended to by coaches and the school nurse who used CPR and AED to

revive him. He was transported to the hospital and diagnosed with an enlarged heart. A full

recovery is expected.

A male 16 year old high school basketball player collapsed during gym class. He was

immediately attended to by school staff who revived him with CPR and an AED. He was

transported to a hospital and diagnosed with ARVD. He underwent surgery to have a

defibrillator implanted. A full recovery is expected.

A male 16 year old high school sophomore basketball player collapsed after a game of pick-up

basketball with friends at a recreation center. He was taken to a hospital, where he was

pronounced dead. Cause of death was from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

A male 17 year old high school basketball player collapsed during basketball practice. He was

sitting on the bench getting water when he collapsed. He was immediately attended to by an

athletic trainer and police officer who performed CPR and applied an AED. EMS arrived and

took over care and transported the athlete to a hospital. A full recovery was made.

High School Sponsored Cheerleading Indirect

A 17 year old female cheerleader suffered a heat stroke during a football game. The athlete was

cheering on the sideline during a game while the heat index was over 110. She suffered a heat

stroke and was transported to a hospital by EMS. Current prognosis is unknown.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 16

High School Sponsored Cross Country Direct

A female 14 year old high school freshman cross country runner was hit by a car during practice.

She died as a result of her injuries.

High School Sponsored Cross Country Indirect

A male high school junior varsity cross country runner collapsed after finishing a race due to

heat stroke. His body temperature was measured by athletic trainers and EMS and found to be

107.7 degrees. He was immediately cooled in an ice water tub. He was not transported to the

hospital until his body temperature dropped to 101.8 degrees. A full recovery is expected.

A male high school junior varsity cross country runner collapsed during a race due to heat stroke.

He was immediately cooled with ice/water before being transported to the hospital. A full

recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Football Direct

A male 16 year old high school junior football player was injured participating in an off season

conditioning session. A group of five athletes were completing a drill carrying a 10-foot long

400-pound log when the log fell and struck the athlete in the head. He was transported to the

hospital where he was pronounced dead. Cause of death is pending autopsy.

A 15 year old male high school football lineman collapsed while at football practice. EMS

arrived at the field and transported him to hospital. He underwent surgery for a traumatic brain

injury. Athlete is attending school but long term prognosis is unknown.

A male 17 year old high school football linebacker sustained a head injury during a game. He

went to the sideline complaining of a headache before collapsing. He was transported to the

hospital where he underwent surgery for brain swelling. He was place in a medically induced

coma for two weeks. He returned to school but long term prognosis is unknown.

A male 17 year old high school football defenseman was attempting to make a tackle during a

game. The athlete's head collided with an opposing player's thigh and he immediately collapsed

and was unable to move. The athlete was transported to the hospital by EMS. He was diagnosed

with a spinal cord injury resulting in partial paralysis below the breastbone. Long term prognosis

is unknown.

A male 17 year old high school football linebacker suffered a fractured neck in three places as

the result of a head first tackle during a football game. The athlete attempted to sack the

opposing quarterback when he sustained the injury. He walked off the field and was later

transported to the hospital where he did not require surgery. A full recovery is expected.

A male 17 year old high school football player was injured in a football game. The athlete took a

hit early in the game but kept playing. Later in the game, the athlete was down and was kicked in

the neck by an opposing player. The athlete was transported to a hospital where he underwent

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 17

emergency surgery to relieve a massive brain bleed. The athlete remains in a coma and long term

prognosis is unknown at this time.

A male 17 year old high school football player was injured. The athlete scored a touchdown and

subsequently walked off the field complaining of his head hurting. The athlete was evaluated by

team physician and sent to the hospital for evaluation. The athlete underwent surgery to remove a

blood clot and stop the bleeding in his brain. A full recovery is expected.

A male 14 year old high school football player was injured during a game. The athlete landed on

a cleat with the spikes facing upward, making contact just below the sternum. The result of the

injury was a laceration of the pancreas. The athlete underwent surgery and a full recovery is

expected.

A male 16 year old high school football safety was injured during a football game. The athlete

attempted to make a tackle and was hit out of bounds, causing the posterior side of his helmet to

strike the ground. He was taken to the hospital where a CT scan revealed a subdural hematoma.

No surgery was required, and the athlete is expected to make a full recovery.

A male high school football player sustained a catastrophic injury to his right leg during football

practice. He was immediately attended to by coaches who called 911. He was transported by

EMS to the hospital where he underwent surgery. The doctors were unable to repair the damage

and his leg was amputated below the knee.

A male high school senior football running back suffered a traumatic brain injury during a

football game. The athlete sustained a hit at some point during the game and was taken by EMS

to the hospital after the game. The athlete underwent emergency surgery. A full recovery is

expected.

A male high school football wide receiver was injured from apparent severe-head collisions

during a football game. The athlete was life-flighted from the football field with what was

believed to be a spinal concussion. Athlete regained feeling in his body and is expected to make

a full recovery.

A male 17 year old high school football defensive tackle was injured during a football game. The

athlete was involved in a tackle and was unable to get up. The athlete was initially paralyzed

when examined by ATs and first responders. When he arrived at the hospital, a spinal

malformation was discovered that was not structurally protecting the spinal cord. He is no longer

paralyzed and will undergo surgery to fuse C1 and C2.

A male 14 year old high school football player was injured during a junior varsity football game.

The athlete was being tackled and took a hit to the head, rendering him unconscious. The athlete

was taken to the hospital and underwent three emergency surgeries to reduce bleeding and

swelling. The athlete was placed in a medically induced coma. A full recovery is expected.

A male 16 year old high school junior football linebacker sustained a traumatic brain injury

during a football game. The athlete was being blocked and landed on the ground and hit his head,

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 18

and collapsed shortly after the play. He was rushed to the hospital where he passed away the

following day. Cause of death was due to blunt force head trauma from a subdural hematoma.

A male 17 year old high school senior football running back was injured during a football game

while carrying the ball. He was immediately attended to by first responders and transported to

the hospital by EMS. He was diagnosed with transient quadriplegia and he regained full

functioning at the hospital after being diagnosed with a spinal cord contusion and cervical spine

contusion. A full recovery is expected.

A male high school sophomore junior varsity football wide receiver was injured during practice.

He was diving for the ball when his head collided with a teammate’s shoulder pads. He

immediately went limp. He was attended to and transported to the hospital by EMS. The athlete

was diagnosed with central cord syndrome and is experiencing varied levels of paralysis from the

neck down, and long term prognosis is unknown.

A male 15 year old high school freshman football linebacker sustained a neck fracture on kickoff

return during a football game. He had immediate paralysis and was attended to by his coach and

athletic trainers before being transported to the hospital by EMS. He underwent emergency

surgery to repair fractured C4 and C5 vertebra. Partial paralysis is present but is suspected to

reside with spinal cord healing. Athlete has not fully recovered.

A male 16 year old high school junior free safety was injured during a football scrimmage at

preseason camp. He was attempting to make a tackle when a teammate arrived at the same time,

worsening the hit. He was paralyzed on the field and unable to move. Emergency personnel

transported him to the hospital where he underwent surgery for a fractured C-5 vertebra. He has

regained sensation but remains paralyzed from the waist down.

A male 16 year old high school football player was being blocked on kick return when he was hit

by an opponent. He collapsed and experienced vomiting. He was immediately attended to by

athletic trainer before being transported to the hospital for a brain injury. A full recovery is

expected.

A male high school sophomore football quarterback sustained a neck injury during a football

game. He was tackled by the opponent while attempting a screen pass and his helmet hit the

ground. He was transported to the hospital and was diagnosed with a concussion. He returned to

the hospital days later with continued neck pain and was diagnosed with a cervical spine fracture.

He was immobilized with a neck brace to wear full time and a full recovery is expected.

A male high school junior football running back was injured during football practice. The athlete

lowered his head to make a block and received a hard hit. He was then attended to by EMS and

transported to the hospital where he was diagnosed with a fractured C5 vertebrae. He underwent

surgery and is paralyzed from the chest down.

A male high school football player was making a tackle during a game when his chin hit another

players knee, causing his head to snap back. He sustained a concussion and a lumbar spine

contusion. Full recovery expected.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 19

A male 14 year old high school freshman junior varsity football player suffered a cervical spinal

fracture during a routine drill at practice. He underwent three surgeries but is paralyzed from the

neck down.

A male 16 year old high school football player was injured during a special teams play in a

football game. He collided with an opposing player and landed on his head, pushing all of his

weight onto his head. He was transported to a hospital and underwent surgery to repair fractured

C3, C4, and C5 vertebra. There was no paralysis and a full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Football Indirect

A male 14 year old high school football player collapsed after practice due to heat stroke. He was

immediately attended to by the coach and athletic trainer who began cooling him using ice and a

tarp after temperature of 108 was measured. EMS arrived and administered an IV. He was

transported to the hospital when his temperature dropped to 102. A full recovery is expected.

A male 14 year old high school freshman football player collapsed 30 minutes in to a voluntary

conditioning session. Coaches immediately began CPR and used an AED. He was transported to

the hospital where he later died. Cause of death is pending autopsy but is suspected to be cardiac

related.

A male 14 year old high school freshman junior varsity football player collapsed while running

sprints during practice. He was immediately attended to by the coach who began CPR. He was

transported to the hospital where he later died. Cause of death is pending autopsy.

A male 15 year old freshman football player collapsed on the field while running sprints at a

voluntary football workout. CPR was administered, and athlete was transported to a hospital.

Efforts to revive him were unsuccessful and he was pronounced dead at the hospital. Cause of

death was due to cardiac arrhythmia.

A male 16 year old football player collapsed during a weight lifting session at school. Athlete

was transported by EMS to the hospital. Athlete passed away two days later. Cause of death was

due to nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.

A male 16 year old high school football wide receiver collapsed during a football game. He was

attended to by an athletic trainer and paramedic who initiated CPR and applied an AED. He was

revived on field, and then transported to a hospital by EMS. He was diagnosed with a cardiac

condition at birth, which could have contributed to his collapse. A full recovery is expected.

A male 14 year old high school freshman football player collapsed during practice. He was

transported by EMS to the hospital where he later died. Cause of death was due to complications

of sudden cardiac arrest.

A male high school football player collapsed during practice from sudden cardiac arrest. He was

revived with an AED. No other information is known.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 20

A male 14 year old high school football player complained of not feeling well during team drills.

He was escorted to the locker room where he collapsed. He was attended to by coaches and the

athletic trainer who used CPR and AED to revive him. He was transported to the hospital and

diagnosed with ventricular fibrillation. He underwent surgery to have a defibrillator implanted. A

full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Ice Hockey Direct

A male high school senior ice hockey player sustained a hit in the 3rd period of the game that left

him with two fracture eye sockets and a broken nose. He was transported to the hospital and

underwent neurosurgery. A full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Lacrosse Direct

A male 16 year old high school lacrosse player was hit in the chest by a ball during practice.

Teammates called 911 and performed CPR until EMS arrived and transported him to a hospital.

He was diagnosed with commotio cordis and a full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Lacrosse Indirect

A male 16 year old high school lacrosse player collapsed during a lacrosse game at a university

field. CPR was performed by EMS and the athlete was transported to the hospital where he died.

Cause of death was due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

A male 15 year old high school freshman lacrosse player collapsed following an alumni lacrosse

game. He was diagnosed with arteriovenous malformation of the brain, which ruptured and

caused a stroke. He underwent neurosurgery but never recovered.

High School Sponsored Soccer Indirect

A female 17 year old soccer player collapsed while taking a kick during a home soccer game.

She was resuscitated on the field by a bystander and later transported to a nearby hospital by

EMS personnel. Athlete died later that night as a result of a brain aneurysm.

A male 16 year old high school soccer player collapsed during practice after complaining of not

feeling well. He was immediately attended to by the athletic trainer who began CPR before EMS

arrived. He was revived with use of AED and transported to the hospital. Cause of collapse was

due to sudden cardiac arrest. A full recovery is expected.

A male 16 year old high school sophomore soccer player reported having trouble breathing

during a soccer game. He was transported to the hospital where he suffered sudden cardiac

arrest. He died shortly after.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 21

A female 15 year old high school freshman junior varsity soccer player collapsed on the field.

She was transported to the hospital where she later died. Cause of death was due to a congenital

heart disease.

A male high school senior soccer player collapsed during a tournament from sudden cardiac

arrest. He was administered CPR until EMS transported him to the hospital. He underwent

surgery to have a defibrillator implanted and a full recovery is expected.

A male high school soccer player collapsed during a game from sudden cardiac arrest. He was

immediately attended to by an athletic trainer who administered CPR and used an AED to revive

him. He was transported to the hospital where he underwent surgery to have a defibrillator

implanted. A full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Swimming Indirect

A male 16 year old high school football player collapsed from sudden cardiac arrest while in his

swimming pool. His mother performed CPR before EMS arrived with AED and transported him

to the hospital. He underwent surgery to have a defibrillator implanted and a full recovery is

expected.

A male 17 year old high school junior swimmer did not come up from under water during an

open swim session. He was unable to be revived by medical personnel. He was transported to the

hospital where he underwent testing to determine why his heart stopped. He died a few days

later. Cause of death was due to accidental drowning.

High School Sponsored Track and Field Indirect

A male 17 year old high school track and field athlete collapsed at a regional meet where he was

participating in the discus throw. He was resuscitated on scene with CPR and a defibrillator. A

cardioverter defibrillator was implanted into his chest a few days later.

A male 17 year old high school junior track and field athlete collapsed after finishing his 400-

meter race from cardiac arrest. He was immediately attended to by the athletic trainer and a

teammate, who began CPR and used an AED to revive him. He was transported to hospital via

EMS. A full recovery is expected.

High School Sponsored Wrestling Direct

A male 16 year old high school sophomore wrestler sustained an injury during a wrestling match.

He was taken down and put in a hold, and was unable to move after being released. The athlete

was transported by EMS to a hospital. He was diagnosed with a spinal cord injury at the C-4

level and is paralyzed from the neck down. Long term prognosis is currently unknown.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 22

REFERENCES

Casa, D., & Csillan, D. (2009). Preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines for secondary school

athletics. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(3), 332-333. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.3.332

Casa, D. J., J. K. DeMartini, M. F. Bergeron, D. Csillan, E. R. Eichner, R. M. Lopez, M. S.

Ferrara, K. C. Miller, F. G. O'Connor, M. N. Sawka and S. W. Yeargin (2015). "National

Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Exertional heat illness." Journal of Athletic

Training 50(9): 986-1000.

Casa, D., Guskiewicz, K., Anderson, S., Courson, R., Heck, J., Jimenez, C., et al. (2012).

National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing sudden death in sports.

Journal of Athletic Training 47(1), 96-118.

Drezner, J. A., Courson, R. W., Roberts, W. O., Mosesso, V. N., Link, M. S., & Maron, B. J.

(2007). Inter-Association Task Force Recommendations on Emergency Preparedness and

Management of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in High School and College Athletic Programs: A

Consensus Statement. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 143–158.

McCrory, P., W. Meeuwisse, J. Dvořák, M. Aubry, J. Bailes, S. Broglio, et al. (2017).

"Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5<sup>th</sup> international conference on

concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51(11):

838-847.

Swartz, E. E., Boden, B. P., Courson, R. W., Decoster, L. C., Horodyski, M., Norkus, S. A.,

Rehnberg, R. S., Waninger, K. N. (2009). National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position

Statement: Acute Management of the Cervical Spine–Injured Athlete. Journal of Athletic

Training, 44(3), 306–331.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 23

Table 1: Number of All catastrophic injuries/illnesses by year: All sports combined, all

levels (high school and college)

Collegiate/

High School

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

1982-1983

11

18.0%

50

82.0%

61

100.0%

1983-1984

13

21.0%

49

79.0%

62

100.0%

1984-1985

9

17.6%

42

82.4%

51

100.0%

1985-1986

16

27.6%

42

72.4%

58

100.0%

1986-1987

18

25.7%

52

74.3%

70

100.0%

1987-1988

15

17.9%

69

82.1%

84

100.0%

1988-1989

17

23.0%

57

77.0%

74

100.0%

1989-1990

10

13.3%

65

86.7%

75

100.0%

1990-1991

15

24.2%

47

75.8%

62

100.0%

1991-1992

11

23.4%

36

76.6%

47

100.0%

1992-1993

9

15.0%

51

85.0%

60

100.0%

1993-1994

11

16.9%

54

83.1%

65

100.0%

1994-1995

12

23.5%

39

76.5%

51

100.0%

1995-1996

8

15.4%

44

84.6%

52

100.0%

1996-1997

9

13.6%

57

86.4%

66

100.0%

1997-1998

15

20.0%

60

80.0%

75

100.0%

1998-1999

10

12.8%

68

87.2%

78

100.0%

1999-2000

9

12.9%

61

87.1%

70

100.0%

2000-2001

17

24.6%

52

75.4%

69

100.0%

2001-2002

14

17.3%

67

82.7%

81

100.0%

2002-2003

16

25.8%

46

74.2%

62

100.0%

2003-2004

18

24.3%

56

75.7%

74

100.0%

2004-2005

9

13.4%

58

86.6%

67

100.0%

2005-2006

12

21.8%

43

78.2%

55

100.0%

2006-2007

13

17.3%

62

82.7%

75

100.0%

2007-2008

15

18.3%

67

81.7%

82

100.0%

2008-2009

17

15.7%

91

84.3%

108

100.0%

2009-2010

27

27.6%

71

72.4%

98

100.0%

2010-2011

15

20.0%

60

80.0%

75

100.0%

2011-2012

17

21.0%

64

79.0%

81

100.0%

2012-2013

16

32.7%

33

67.3%

49

100.0%

2013-2014

17

21.5%

62

78.5%

79

100.0%

2014-2015

16

19.5%

66

80.5%

82

100.0%

2015-2016

20

19.0%

85

81.0%

105

100.0%

2016-2017

23

29.1%

56

70.9%

79

100.0%

2017-2018

19

23.2%

65

77.4%

84

100.0%

Total

519

20.2%

2047

79.8%

2566

100.0%

Total*

554

20.6%

2132

79.4%

2686

100.0%

*Includes Cheerleading, Drill Team, Rodeo

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 24

Table 2: Number of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by year: All sports combined, all

levels (high school and college)

Collegiate/

High School

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

1982-1983

5

12.5%

35

87.5%

40

100.0%

1983-1984

8

19.0%

34

81.0%

42

100.0%

1984-1985

9

22.5%

31

77.5%

40

100.0%

1985-1986

15

30.6%

34

69.4%

49

100.0%

1986-1987

14

26.9%

38

73.1%

52

100.0%

1987-1988

8

12.3%

57

87.7%

65

100.0%

1988-1989

13

23.2%

43

76.8%

56

100.0%

1989-1990

7

13.5%

45

86.5%

52

100.0%

1990-1991

11

28.2%

28

71.8%

39

100.0%

1991-1992

6

17.6%

28

82.4%

34

100.0%

1992-1993

7

17.9%

32

82.1%

39

100.0%

1993-1994

6

14.0%

37

86.0%

43

100.0%

1994-1995

9

23.7%

29

76.3%

38

100.0%

1995-1996

6

17.6%

28

82.4%

34

100.0%

1996-1997

7

14.0%

43

86.0%

50

100.0%

1997-1998

6

12.0%

44

88.0%

50

100.0%

1998-1999

10

18.2%

45

81.8%

55

100.0%

1999-2000

9

20.9%

34

79.1%

43

100.0%

2000-2001

12

28.6%

30

71.4%

42

100.0%

2001-2002

5

9.6%

47

90.4%

52

100.0%

2002-2003

10

26.3%

28

73.7%

38

100.0%

2003-2004

12

22.2%

42

77.8%

54

100.0%

2004-2005

5

15.6%

27

84.4%

32

100.0%

2005-2006

7

21.9%

25

78.1%

32

100.0%

2006-2007

7

14.9%

40

85.1%

47

100.0%

2007-2008

9

16.7%

45

83.3%

54

100.0%

2008-2009

9

11.5%

69

88.5%

78

100.0%

2009-2010

16

27.1%

43

72.9%

59

100.0%

2010-2011

9

18.4%

40

81.6%

49

100.0%

2011-2012

9

16.4%

46

83.6%

55

100.0%

2012-2013

7

35.0%

13

65.0%

20

100.0%

2013-2014

2

6.1%

31

93.9%

33

100.0%

2014-2015

6

20.7%

23

79.3%

29

100.0%

2015-2016

15

23.8%

48

76.2%

63

100.0%

2016-2017

6

20.7%

23

79.3%

29

100.0%

2017-2018

8

20.5%

31

79.5%

39

100.0%

Total

310

19.1%

1316

80.9%

1626

100.0%

Total*

345

19.9%

1389

80.1%

1734

100.0%

*Includes Cheerleading, Drill Team, Rodeo

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 25

Table 3: Number of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by year: All sports combined,

all levels (high school and college)

Collegiate/

High School

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

1982-1983

6

28.6%

15

71.4%

21

100.0%

1983-1984

5

25.0%

15

75.0%

20

100.0%

1984-1985

0

0.0%

11

100.0%

11

100.0%

1985-1986

1

11.1%

8

88.9%

9

100.0%

1986-1987

4

22.2%

14

77.8%

18

100.0%

1987-1988

7

36.8%

12

63.2%

19

100.0%

1988-1989

4

22.2%

14

77.8%

18

100.0%

1989-1990

3

13.0%

20

87.0%

23

100.0%

1990-1991

4

17.4%

19

82.6%

23

100.0%

1991-1992

5

38.5%

8

61.5%

13

100.0%

1992-1993

2

9.5%

19

90.5%

21

100.0%

1993-1994

5

22.7%

17

77.3%

22

100.0%

1994-1995

3

23.1%

10

76.9%

13

100.0%

1995-1996

2

11.1%

16

88.9%

18

100.0%

1996-1997

2

12.5%

14

87.5%

16

100.0%

1997-1998

9

36.0%

16

64.0%

25

100.0%

1998-1999

0

0.0%

23

100.0%

23

100.0%

1999-2000

0

0.0%

27

100.0%

27

100.0%

2000-2001

5

18.5%

22

81.5%

27

100.0%

2001-2002

9

31.0%

20

69.0%

29

100.0%

2002-2003

6

25.0%

18

75.0%

24

100.0%

2003-2004

6

30.0%

14

70.0%

20

100.0%

2004-2005

4

11.4%

31

88.6%

35

100.0%

2005-2006

5

21.7%

18

78.3%

23

100.0%

2006-2007

6

21.4%

22

78.6%

28

100.0%

2007-2008

6

21.4%

22

78.6%

28

100.0%

2008-2009

8

26.7%

22

73.3%

30

100.0%

2009-2010

11

28.2%

28

71.8%

39

100.0%

2010-2011

6

23.1%

20

76.9%

26

100.0%

2011-2012

8

30.8%

18

69.2%

26

100.0%

2012-2013

9

31.0%

20

69.0%

29

100.0%

2013-2014

15

32.6%

31

67.4%

46

100.0%

2014-2015

10

18.9%

43

81.1%

53

100.0%

2015-2016

5

11.9%

37

88.1%

42

100.0%

2016-2017

17

34.0%

33

66.0%

50

100.0%

2017-2018

11

25.6%

34

75.6%

43

100.0%

Total

209

22.3%

731

77.8%

940

100.0%

Total*

209

22.0%

743

78.0%

952

100.0%

*Includes Cheerleading, Drill Team, Rodeo

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 26

Table 4a: Number of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by sport: High

school all years combined

Serious

Non-fatal

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

28

42.4%

21

31.8%

15

22.7%

2

3.0%

66

100.0%

Basketball

Female

3

50.0%

3

50.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

6

100.0%

Male

9

60.0%

4

26.7%

1

6.7%

1

6.7%

15

100.0%

Cheerleading

Female

42

59.2%

23

32.4%

1

1.4%

5

7.0%

71

100.0%

Male

1

50.0%

1

50.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Cross Country

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Male

0

0.0%

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

0

0.0%

1

33.3%

0

0.0%

2

66.7%

3

100.0%

Football

Male

403

41.5%

411

42.3%

137

14.1%

20

2.1%

971

100.0%

Golf

Male

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Gymnastics

Female

4

36.4%

7

63.6%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

11

100.0%

Male

1

25.0%

2

50.0%

1

25.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Female

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Male

11

37.9%

14

48.3%

4

13.8%

0

0.0%

29

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

2

66.7%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

33.3%

3

100.0%

Male

9

50.0%

6

33.3%

2

11.1%

1

5.6%

18

100.0%

Skiing

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

5

62.5%

1

12.5%

2

25.0%

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

Male

7

41.2%

2

11.8%

7

41.2%

1

5.9%

17

100.0%

Softball

Female

6

85.7%

1

14.3%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

7

100.0%

Swimming

Female

1

16.7%

5

83.3%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

6

100.0%

Male

3

30.0%

6

60.0%

1

10.0%

0

0.0%

10

100.0%

Track and Field

Female

7

70.0%

2

20.0%

1

10.0%

0

0.0%

10

100.0%

Male

14

25.9%

17

31.5%

21

38.9%

2

3.7%

54

100.0%

Volleyball

Male

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

24

35.8%

39

58.2%

3

4.5%

1

1.5%

67

100.0%

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 27

Table 4b: Number of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by sport: High

school all years combined

Serious

Non-fatal

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

5

19.2%

0

0.0%

21

80.8%

0

0.0%

26

100.0%

Basketball

Female

2

11.1%

0

0.0%

16

88.9%

0

0.0%

18

100.0%

Male

29

17.8%

0

0.0%

133

82.1%

1

0.6%

163

100.0%

Cheerleading

Female

4

33.3%

0

0.0%

8

66.7%

0

0.0%

12

100.0%

Cross Country

Female

4

28.6%

0

0.0%

10

71.4%

0

0.0%

14

100.0%

Male

5

19.2%

0

0.0%

21

80.8%

0

0.0%

26

100.0%

Unknown

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

1

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Football

Male

40

14.1%

2

0.7%

241

84.6%

2

0.7%

285

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Male

3

37.5%

0

0.0%

5

62.5%

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Male

1

9.1%

0

0.0%

10

90.9%

0

0.0%

11

100.0%

Other

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Rowing

Male

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Running/Jogging

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

2

15.4%

0

0.0%

11

84.6%

0

0.0%

13

100.0%

Male

8

19.5%

1

2.4%

30

73.2%

2

4.9%

41

100.0%

Softball

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Swimming

Female

2

18.2%

0

0.0%

8

72.7%

1

9.1%

11

100.0%

Male

1

12.5%

0

0.0%

7

87.5%

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

Tennis

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Male

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Track and Field

Female

0

0.0%

1

14.3%

6

85.7%

0

0.0%

7

100.0%

Male

6

14.0%

0

0.0%

37

86.0%

0

0.0%

43

100.0%

Volleyball

Female

2

66.7%

0

0.0%

1

33.3%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Water Polo

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Male

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

5

13.9%

0

0.0%

30

83.3%

1

2.8%

36

100.0%

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 28

Table 5a: Number of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by sport: College

all years combined

Serious

Non-fatal

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

9

45.0%

7

35.0%

3

15.0%

1

5.0%

20

100.0%

Basketball

Male

9

81.8%

1

9.1%

1

9.1%

0

0.0%

11

100.0%

Cheerleading

Female

13

46.4%

13

46.4%

1

3.6%

1

3.6%

28

100.0%

Male

3

60.0%

2

40.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

5

100.0%

Equestrian

Female

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

2

66.7%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

33.3%

3

100.0%

Football

Male

145

69.0%

48

22.9%

17

8.1%

0

0.0%

210

100.0%

Gymnastics

Female

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Male

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Unknown

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Female

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Male

7

58.3%

5

41.7%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

12

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Male

1

16.7%

1

16.7%

4

66.7%

0

0.0%

6

100.0%

Rodeo

Male

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Rowing

Male

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Rugby

Male

1

33.3%

2

66.7%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Skiing

Female

0

0.0%

1

50.0%

1

50.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Male

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

2

50.0%

2

50.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Male

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Softball

Female

3

75.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

25.0%

4

100.0%

Swimming

Male

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Track and Field

Female

1

50.0%

1

50.0%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Male

2

14.3%

6

42.9%

6

42.9%

0

0.0%

14

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

1

33.3%

2

66.7%

0

0.0%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 29

Table 5b: Number of Indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by sport: College

all years combined

Serious

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

2

25.0%

5

62.5%

1

12.5%

8

100.0%

Basketball

Female

3

37.5%

5

62.5%

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

Male

17

32.1%

36

67.9%

0

0.0%

53

100.0%

Cross Country

Female

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Male

1

33.3%

2

66.7%

0

0.0%

3

100.0%

Football

Male

13

16.3%

66

82.5%

1

1.3%

80

100.0%

Gymnastics

Female

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Male

3

75.0%

1

25.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Lacrosse

Male

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Rowing

Male

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Skiing

Male

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

1

25.0%

3

75.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Male

2

25.0%

6

75.0%

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

Swimming

Female

1

25.0%

3

75.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Male

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

0

0.0%

8

100.0%

Tennis

Female

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Male

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

0

0.0%

1

100.0%

Track and Field

Male

3

60.0%

2

40.0%

0

0.0%

5

100.0%

Volleyball

Female

2

50.0%

2

50.0%

0

0.0%

4

100.0%

Water Polo

Male

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

0

0.0%

2

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

3

33.3%

6

66.7%

0

0.0%

9

100.0%

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 30

Table 6a: Number of Catastrophic injuries/illnesses by Severity by year: High school

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

25

0.49

10

0.20

15

0.30

1983-1984

23

0.46

15

0.30

11

0.22

1984-1985

17

0.34

13

0.26

12

0.24

1985-1986

10

0.20

15

0.29

16

0.31

1986-1987

26

0.51

12

0.23

12

0.23

1987-1988

17

0.33

25

0.48

27

0.52

1988-1989

21

0.40

19

0.37

17

0.33

1989-1990

24

0.46

26

0.50

15

0.29

1990-1991

23

0.44

15

0.29

9

0.17

1991-1992

12

0.23

9

0.17

15

0.28

1992-1993

23

0.43

14

0.26

14

0.26

1993-1994

22

0.40

14

0.25

16

0.29

1994-1995

12

0.21

14

0.25

13

0.23

1995-1996

19

0.32

13

0.22

9

0.15

1996-1997

24

0.40

16

0.26

14

0.23

1997-1998

24

0.38

23

0.37

12

0.19

1998-1999

31

0.48

13

0.20

23

0.36

1999-2000

33

0.51

16

0.25

11

0.17

2000-2001

26

0.39

15

0.23

11

0.17

2001-2002

28

0.43

19

0.29

17

0.26

2002-2003

21

0.31

11

0.16

13

0.19

2003-2004

17

0.25

23

0.34

15

0.22

2004-2005

34

0.50

15

0.22

7

0.10

2005-2006

20

0.29

12

0.17

11

0.16

2006-2007

21

0.29

23

0.32

18

0.25

2007-2008

23

0.32

15

0.21

29

0.40

2008-2009

28

0.38

30

0.41

33

0.45

2009-2010

24

0.32

21

0.28

26

0.35

2010-2011

23

0.31

16

0.22

21

0.28

2011-2012

22

0.30

24

0.32

18

0.24

2012-2013

21

0.28

6

0.08

6

0.08

2013-2014

24

0.33

9

0.12

25

0.34

2014-2015

24

0.32

7

0.09

33

0.44

2015-2016

28

0.37

10

0.13

43

0.57

2016-2017

16

0.21

5

0.07

32

0.42

2017-2018

16

0.21

7

0.09

37

0.48

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 31

Table 6b: Number of Catastrophic injuries/illnesses by Severity by year: College

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

7

2.73

3

1.17

1

0.39

1983-1984

5

1.85

2

0.74

6

2.22

1984-1985

1

0.35

3

1.04

5

1.73

1985-1986

4

1.38

4

1.38

8

2.75

1986-1987

5

1.80

2

0.72

11

3.96

1987-1988

7

2.64

1

0.38

7

2.64

1988-1989

4

1.49

4

1.49

9

3.34

1989-1990

3

1.14

2

0.76

4

1.51

1990-1991

5

1.82

6

2.18

4

1.45

1991-1992

5

1.78

1

0.36

5

1.78

1992-1993

3

1.05

0

0.00

6

2.11

1993-1994

7

2.39

0

0.00

4

1.37

1994-1995

3

1.01

3

1.01

6

2.02

1995-1996

2

0.60

4

1.19

2

0.60

1996-1997

3

0.91

5

1.51

1

0.30

1997-1998

9

2.68

1

0.30

5

1.49

1998-1999

2

0.56

3

0.84

5

1.40

1999-2000

2

0.56

2

0.56

5

1.40

2000-2001

7

1.89

4

1.08

6

1.62

2001-2002

10

2.74

1

0.27

3

0.82

2002-2003

6

1.60

3

0.80

7

1.87

2003-2004

9

2.39

4

1.06

5

1.33

2004-2005

4

1.04

1

0.26

4

1.04

2005-2006

5

1.27

4

1.01

2

0.51

2006-2007

6

1.48

1

0.25

6

1.48

2007-2008

5

1.21

1

0.24

9

2.17

2008-2009

5

1.18

1

0.24

11

2.60

2009-2010

13

3.01

2

0.46

12

2.78

2010-2011

4

0.90

7

1.57

3

0.67

2011-2012

9

1.98

0

0.00

8

1.76

2012-2013

8

1.72

3

0.65

4

0.86

2013-2014

6

1.26

0

0.00

11

2.32

2014-2015

4

0.83

1

0.21

11

2.27

2015-2016

3

0.62

3

0.62

13

2.67

2016-2017

5

1.02

1

0.20

17

3.45

2017-2018

5

1.01

1

0.20

13

2.63

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 32

Table 7a: Rate of direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year: High school

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

10

0.20

10

0.20

15

0.30

1983-1984

8

0.16

15

0.30

11

0.22

1984-1985

6

0.12

13

0.26

12

0.24

1985-1986

3

0.06

15

0.29

16

0.31

1986-1987

13

0.25

12

0.23

11

0.21

1987-1988

5

0.10

25

0.48

27

0.52

1988-1989

8

0.15

19

0.37

16

0.31

1989-1990

5

0.10

26

0.50

14

0.27

1990-1991

4

0.08

15

0.29

9

0.17

1991-1992

4

0.08

9

0.17

15

0.28

1992-1993

4

0.08

14

0.26

14

0.26

1993-1994

5

0.09

14

0.25

16

0.29

1994-1995

2

0.04

14

0.25

13

0.23

1995-1996

4

0.07

13

0.22

9

0.15

1996-1997

10

0.16

16

0.26

14

0.23

1997-1998

8

0.13

23

0.37

12

0.19

1998-1999

8

0.13

13

0.20

23

0.36

1999-2000

7

0.11

16

0.25

10

0.16

2000-2001

4

0.06

15

0.23

11

0.17

2001-2002

9

0.14

19

0.29

17

0.26

2002-2003

3

0.04

11

0.16

13

0.19

2003-2004

3

0.04

23

0.34

15

0.22

2004-2005

5

0.07

15

0.22

6

0.09

2005-2006

4

0.06

12

0.17

9

0.13

2006-2007

2

0.03

22

0.31

16

0.22

2007-2008

2

0.03

15

0.21

28

0.39

2008-2009

10

0.14

30

0.41

29

0.40

2009-2010

2

0.03

20

0.27

21

0.28

2010-2011

6

0.08

16

0.22

18

0.24

2011-2012

4

0.05

24

0.32

18

0.24

2012-2013

4

0.05

5

0.07

4

0.05

2013-2014

8

0.11

9

0.12

12

0.16

2014-2015

6

0.08

6

0.08

9

0.12

2015-2016

8

0.11

10

0.13

27

0.36

2016-2017

2

0.03

5

0.07

14

0.18

2017-2018

3

0.04

7

0.09

16

0.21

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 33

Table 7b: Rate of direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year: College

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

1

0.39

3

1.17

1

0.39

1983-1984

0

0.00

2

0.74

6

2.22

1984-1985

1

0.35

3

1.04

5

1.73

1985-1986

3

1.03

4

1.38

8

2.75

1986-1987

1

0.36

2

0.72

11

3.96

1987-1988

0

0.00

1

0.38

7

2.64

1988-1989

0

0.00

4

1.49

9

3.34

1989-1990

1

0.38

2

0.76

4

1.51

1990-1991

1

0.36

6

2.18

4

1.45

1991-1992

1

0.36

1

0.36

4

1.43

1992-1993

1

0.35

0

0.00

6

2.11

1993-1994

2

0.68

0

0.00

4

1.37

1994-1995

0

0.00

3

1.01

6

2.02

1995-1996

0

0.00

4

1.19

2

0.60

1996-1997

1

0.30

5

1.51

1

0.30

1997-1998

1

0.30

1

0.30

4

1.19

1998-1999

2

0.56

3

0.84

5

1.40

1999-2000

2

0.56

2

0.56

5

1.40

2000-2001

2

0.54

4

1.08

6

1.62

2001-2002

1

0.27

1

0.27

3

0.82

2002-2003

1

0.27

3

0.80

6

1.60

2003-2004

3

0.80

4

1.06

5

1.33

2004-2005

1

0.26

1

0.26

3

0.78

2005-2006

0

0.00

4

1.01

2

0.51

2006-2007

0

0.00

1

0.25

6

1.48

2007-2008

0

0.00

1

0.24

8

1.93

2008-2009

0

0.00

1

0.24

8

1.89

2009-2010

4

0.93

2

0.46

10

2.32

2010-2011

0

0.00

7

1.57

2

0.45

2011-2012

2

0.44

0

0.00

7

1.54

2012-2013

0

0.00

3

0.65

3

0.65

2013-2014

1

0.21

0

0.00

1

0.21

2014-2015

0

0.00

1

0.21

5

1.03

2015-2016

0

0.00

3

0.62

11

2.26

2016-2017

0

0.00

1

0.20

5

1.02

2017-2018

2

0.40

1

0.20

5

1.01

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 34

Table 8a: Rate of indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year: High School

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

15

0.3

0

1983-1984

15

0.3

0

1984-1985

11

0.22

0

1985-1986

7

0.14

0

1986-1987

13

0.25

0

1

0.02

1987-1988

12

0.23

0

1988-1989

13

0.25

0

1

0.02

1989-1990

19

0.37

0

1

0.02

1990-1991

19

0.36

0

1991-1992

8

0.15

0

1992-1993

19

0.36

0

1993-1994

17

0.31

0

1994-1995

10

0.18

0

1995-1996

15

0.25

0

1996-1997

14

0.23

0

1997-1998

16

0.26

0

1998-1999

23

0.36

0

1999-2000

26

0.4

0

1

0.02

2000-2001

22

0.33

0

2001-2002

19

0.29

0

2002-2003

18

0.27

0

2003-2004

14

0.21

0

2004-2005

29

0.42

0

1

0.01

2005-2006

16

0.23

0

2

0.03

2006-2007

19

0.27

1

0.01

2

0.03

2007-2008

21

0.29

0

1

0.01

2008-2009

18

0.25

0

4

0.05

2009-2010

22

0.3

1

0.01

5

0.07

2010-2011

17

0.23

0

3

0.04

2011-2012

18

0.24

0

2012-2013

17

0.23

1

0.01

2

0.03

2013-2014

16

0.22

0

13

0.18

2014-2015

18

0.24

1

0.01

24

0.32

2015-2016

20

0.26

0

16

0.21

2016-2017

14

0.18

0

18

0.23

2017-2018

13

0.17

0

21

0.27

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 35

Table 8b: Rate of indirect catastrophic injuries/illnesses by severity by year: College

Fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

6

2.34

0

1983-1984

5

1.85

0

1985-1986

1

0.34

0

1986-1987

4

1.44

0

1987-1988

7

2.64

0

1988-1989

4

1.49

0

1989-1990

2

0.76

0

1990-1991

4

1.45

0

1991-1992

4

1.43

1

0.36

1992-1993

2

0.7

0

1993-1994

5

1.71

0

1994-1995

3

1.01

0

1995-1996

2

0.6

0

1996-1997

2

0.6

0

1997-1998

8

2.38

1

0.3

2000-2001

5

1.35

0

2001-2002

9

2.47

0

2002-2003

5

1.34

1

0.27

2003-2004

6

1.59

0

2004-2005

3

0.78

1

0.26

2005-2006

5

1.27

0

2006-2007

6

1.48

0

2007-2008

5

1.21

1

0.24

2008-2009

5

1.18

3

0.71

2009-2010

9

2.08

2

0.46

2010-2011

4

0.9

1

0.22

2011-2012

7

1.54

1

0.22

2012-2013

8

1.72

1

0.22

2013-2014

5

1.05

10

2.11

2014-2015

4

0.83

6

1.24

2015-2016

3

0.62

2

0.41

2016-2017

5

1.02

12

2.44

2017-2018

3

0.61

8

1.62

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 36

Table 9a: Rate of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by level and severity by sport:

High school

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

Baseball

Male

15

0.09

21

0.13

28

0.17

Basketball

Female

0

3

0.02

3

0.02

Male

1

0.01

4

0.02

9

0.05

Cheerleading

Female

1

0.04

23

0.98

42

1.8

Male

0

1

1.71

1

1.71

Cross Country

Female

2

0.04

0

Male

1

0.02

2

0.03

0

Field Hockey

Female

0

1

0.05

0

Football

Male

137

0.38

411

1.14

403

1.12

Golf

Male

0

1

0.02

Gymnastics

Female

0

7

0.85

4

0.48

Male

1

0.84

2

1.68

1

0.84

Ice Hockey

Female

0

1

0.61

2

1.22

Male

4

0.37

14

1.3

11

1.02

Lacrosse

Female

0

2

0.14

Male

2

0.11

6

0.32

9

0.48

Skiing

Female

1

0.33

0

Soccer

Female

2

0.02

1

0.01

5

0.06

Male

7

0.06

2

0.02

7

0.06

Softball

Female

0

1

0.01

6

0.05

Swimming

Female

0

5

0.11

1

0.02

Male

1

0.03

6

0.16

3

0.08

Track and Field

Female

1

0.01

2

0.01

7

0.04

Male

21

0.11

17

0.09

14

0.07

Volleyball

Male

0

1

0.08

0

Wrestling

Male

3

0.03

39

0.44

24

0.27

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 37

Table 9b: Rate of Direct catastrophic injuries/illnesses by level and severity by sport:

College

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

Baseball

Male

3

0.32

7

0.74

9

0.95

Basketball

Male

1

0.18

1

0.18

9

1.62

Cheerleading

Female

1

0

13

0

13

0

Male

0

2

0

3

0

Equestrian

Female

1

3.88

0

Field Hockey

Female

0

2

1.03

Football

Male

17

0.81

48

2.28

145

6.89

Gymnastics

Female

0

2

3.72

0

Male

0

1

5.37

2

10.74

Ice Hockey

Female

0

1

2.54

Male

0

5

3.56

7

4.98

Lacrosse

Female

0

2

0.98

0

Male

4

1.46

1

0.36

1

0.36

Rowing

Male

1

1.28

0

Skiing

Female

1

5.59

1

5.59

0

Male

1

4.62

0

Soccer

Female

0

2

0.34

2

0.34

Male

0

1

0.15

2

0.3

Softball

Female

0

3

0.58

Swimming

Male

0

1

0.34

0

Track and Field

Female

0

1

0.08

1

0.08

Male

6

0.41

6

0.41

2

0.14

Wrestling

Male

0

2

0.81

1

0.41

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 38

Table 10a: Indirect catastrophic events by level and severity: High school

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

Baseball

Male

21

0.13

0

5

0.03

Basketball

Female

16

0.1

0

2

0.01

Male

133

0.69

0

29

0.15

Cheerleading

Female

8

0.34

0

4

0.17

Cross Country

Female

10

0.18

0

4

0.07

Male

21

0.32

0

5

0.08

Field Hockey

Female

2

0.1

0

Football

Male

241

0.67

2

0.01

40

0.11

Ice Hockey

Male

5

0.46

0

3

0.28

Lacrosse

Female

1

0.07

0

Male

10

0.53

0

1

0.05

Rowing

Male

0

1

1.79

Soccer

Female

11

0.12

0

2

0.02

Male

30

0.26

1

0.01

8

0.07

Softball

Female

1

0.01

0

Swimming

Female

8

0.17

0

2

0.04

Male

7

0.19

0

1

0.03

Tennis

Female

2

0.04

0

Male

4

0.08

0

Track and Field

Female

6

0.04

1

0.01

0

Male

37

0.19

0

6

0.03

Volleyball

Female

1

0.01

0

2

0.02

Water Polo

Female

1

0.26

0

Male

3

0.57

0

Wrestling

Male

30

0.34

0

5

0.06

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 39

Table 10b: Indirect catastrophic events by level and severity: College

Fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

Baseball

Male

5

0.53

2

0.21

Basketball

Female

5

1.02

3

0.61

Male

36

6.46

17

3.05

Cross Country

Female

1

0.25

0

Male

2

0.49

1

0.24

Football

Male

66

3.14

13

0.62

Gymnastics

Female

1

1.86

0

Ice Hockey

Male

1

0.71

3

2.13

Lacrosse

Male

2

0.73

0

Rowing

Male

2

2.57

0

Skiing

Male

1

4.62

0

Soccer

Female

3

0.51

1

0.17

Male

6

0.9

2

0.3

Swimming

Female

3

0.84

1

0.28

Male

8

2.7

0

Tennis

Female

1

0.34

0

Male

1

0.36

0

Track and Field

Male

2

0.14

3

0.21

Volleyball

Female

2

0.43

2

0.43

Water Polo

Male

2

5.63

0

Wrestling

Male

6

2.44

3

1.22

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2017/18 40

Table 11: Characteristics of all sport-related catastrophic events during AY 2017-2018

Direct

Indirect

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

Total

39

100.0%

46

100.0%

85

100.0%

Sport Level

Collegiate/University

8

20.5%

11

23.9%

19

22.4%

High School Sponsored

31

79.5%

35

76.1%

66

77.6%

Severity

Serious

21

53.8%

30

65.2%

51

60.0%

Non-fatal

8

20.5%

0

0.0%

8

9.4%

Fatal

5

12.8%

16

34.8%

21

24.7%

Unknown

5

12.8%

0

0.0%

5

5.9%

Sex

Female

3

7.7%

3

6.5%

6

7.1%

Male

36

92.3%

43

93.5%

79

92.9%

Month

Jul-Aug

5

12.8%

10

21.7%

15

17.6%

Sep-Oct

28

71.8%

13

28.3%

41

48.2%

Nov-Dec

0

0.0%

7

15.2%

7

8.2%

Jan-Feb

2

5.1%

6

13.0%

8

9.4%

Mar-Apr

1

2.6%

4

8.7%

5

5.9%

May-Jun

3

7.7%

6

13.0%

9

10.6%

Sport

Baseball

2

5.1%

2

4.3%

4

4.7%

Basketball

0

0.0%

13

28.3%

13

15.3%

Cheerleading

0

0.0%

1

2.2%

1

1.2%

Cross Country

1

2.6%

2

4.3%

3

3.5%

Football

31

79.5%

15

32.6%

46

54.1%

Ice Hockey

1

2.6%

0

0.0%

1

1.2%

Lacrosse

1

2.6%

2

4.3%

3

3.5%

Soccer

2

5.1%

6

13.0%

8

9.4%

Swimming

0

0.0%

2

4.3%

2

2.4%

Track and Field

0

0.0%

2

4.3%

2

2.4%

Wrestling

1

2.6%

1

2.2%

2

2.4%