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CATASTROPHIC

SPORTS INJURY RESEARCH

FOURTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

FALL 1982 - SPRING 2022

From the

National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

At The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Prepared by:

Kristen L. Kucera, MSPH, PhD, LAT, ATC

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC 27514

Robert C. Cantu, MD

Medical Director, National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

Emerson Hospital

Concord, MA 01742

FINAL

Sep 28, 2023

Report may be downloaded here: https://nccsir.unc.edu/reports/

Report #: 2023-03

rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without express written

permission. Contact the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury

Research for all questions regarding this report at nccsir@unc.edu.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2020/21 ii

Acknowledgements:

We acknowledge the significant contributions of recently retired Frederick O. Mueller, Ph.D.

who directed The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research (NCCSIR) from 1982

to 2013. Dr. Mueller’s work during those 30 years has improved the safety of football for the

participants and these impacts are demonstrated in the pages of this report.

We also acknowledge NCCSIR staff members Randi DeLong, Barbara Goettsch, Erin Shore,

Jeremy Mercer and members of the Consortium for Catastrophic Sport Injury Monitoring: Drs.

Douglas Casa, Jonathan Drezner, Kevin Guskiewicz, Johna Register-Mihalik, Steve Marshall,

David Klossner, Tom Dompier, Rebecca Stearns, Christine Collins, and Avinash Chandran.

We also thank all the athletes, families, coaches, athletic trainers, medical providers, school staff,

state associations, researchers, journalists, and others who have participated in this research and

have shared information with the NCCSIR.

Funding & Disclosures:

The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research is supported by the American

Football Coaches Association (AFCA), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA),

the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), the National Athletic

Trainers’ Association (NATA), the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM),

the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE), and The

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH).

To learn more about NCCSIR please visit: http://nccsir.unc.edu/about/

To learn more about the Consortium please visit: http://nccsir.unc.edu/consortia-and-partners/

To access online reports please visit: http://nccsir.unc.edu/reports/

All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part 
without express written permission. 
NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2020/21    iii 
Contents 
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 
METHODS ..................................................................................................................................... 2 
Outcome Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 2 
Data Collection .......................................................................................................................................... 2 
Participation in Sport ................................................................................................................................ 3 
Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 
RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 4 
Current AY2021-2022 Summary ............................................................................................................... 4 
Overall Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 7 
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 9 
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 14 
TABLES AND FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 16 
Table 1: Number of All catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and exertional/medical conditions 
(indirect) by year: All sports combined, all levels (high school and college) ...................................... 16 
Table 2: Number of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by year: All sports combined, all levels 
(high school and college) .................................................................................................................... 17 
Table 3: Number of Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by year: All sports 
combined, all levels (high school and college) .................................................................................... 18 
Table 4a: Number of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by sport: High school all 
years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22 ................................................................................................. 19 
Table 4b: Number of Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by sport: High 
school all years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22 ................................................................................. 20 
Table 5a: Number of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by sport: College all years 
combined 1982/83 to 2021/22 ........................................................................................................... 21 
Table 5b: Number of Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by sport: 
College all years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22 ................................................................................ 22 
Table 6a: Number of catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and exertional/medical conditions 
(indirect) by Severity by year: High school ......................................................................................... 23 

All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part 
without express written permission. 
NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2020/21    iv 
Table 6b: Number of catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and exertional/medical conditions 
(indirect) by Severity by year: College ................................................................................................ 24 
Table 7a: Rate of traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by year: High school .............. 25 
Table 7b: Rate of traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by year: College ..................... 26 
Table 8a: Rate of exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by year: High 
School .................................................................................................................................................. 27 
Table 8b: Rate of exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by year: College
 ............................................................................................................................................................ 28 
Table 9a: Rate of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by level and severity by sport: High school 
1982/83 to 2021/22 ............................................................................................................................ 29 
Table 9b: Rate of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by level and severity by sport: College 
1982/83 to 2021/22 ............................................................................................................................ 30 
Table 10a: Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by level and severity: High school 
1982/83 to 2021/22 ............................................................................................................................ 31 
Table 10b: Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by level and severity: College 
1982/83 to 2021/22 ............................................................................................................................ 32 
Table 11: Characteristics of all sport-related catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and 
exertional/medical conditions (indirect) during AY 2021-2022 .......................................................... 33 
Table 12. Participation numbers, 1982/83 to 2021/22 ...................................................................... 36 
Figure 1: Rates of fatal catastrophic traumatic injury (direct) and exertional/medical (indirect) 
conditions by sport-gender among high school participants, 1982/83-2021/22 ............................... 37 
Figure 2: Rates of all catastrophic traumatic injury (direct) and exertional/medical (indirect) 
conditions by sport-gender among high school participants, 1982/83-2021/22 ............................... 38 
Figure 3: Rates of fatal catastrophic traumatic injury (direct) and exertional/medical (indirect) 
conditions by sport-gender among collegiate participants, 1982/83-2021/22 .................................. 39 
Figure 4: Rates of all catastrophic traumatic injury (direct) and exertional/medical (indirect) 
conditions by sport-gender among collegiate participants, 1982/83-2021/22 .................................. 40 
 
 
 

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 1

INTRODUCTION

In 1931, the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) initiated the First Annual

Survey of Football Fatalities and this research has been conducted at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill since 1965. In 1977, the National Collegiate Athletic Association

(NCAA) initiated a National Survey of Catastrophic Football Injuries, which is also conducted at

the University of North Carolina. As a result of these research projects important contributions

to the sport of football have been made. Most notable have been the 1976 rule changes making it

illegal to make initial contact with the head and face while blocking and tackling, the National

Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) football helmet standard,

improved medical care for the participants, and better coaching techniques.

Due to the success of these two football projects the research was expanded to all sports

for both men and women, and a National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research

(NCCSIR) was established in 1982. The decision to expand this research was based on the

following factors:

1. Research based on reliable data is essential if progress is to be made in sports safety.

2. The paucity of information on injuries in all sports.

3. The rapid expansion and lack of injury information in women's sports.

In 1987, a joint endeavor was initiated with the Section on Sports Medicine of the

American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The purpose of this collaboration was to

enhance the collection of medical data. Dr. Robert C. Cantu, Chairman, Department of Surgery

and Chief, Neurosurgery Service, Emerson Hospital, in Concord, MA, is the Medical Director of

the NCCSIR and has been responsible for evaluating the medical data. Dr. Cantu is also a Past-

President of the American College of Sports Medicine. The NCCSIR was directed for 30 years

by Dr. Frederick Mueller. Dr. Mueller retired in the Spring of 2013 and the NCCSIR continues

under new direction (Dr. Kucera). The NCCSIR has expanded to become a consortium of

universities (University of North Carolina, Boston University, University of Washington,

University of Connecticut, University of Colorado, University of Maryland) with expertise in

head/neck, cardiac, and heat-related sports medicine (these three areas account for the

overwhelming majority of catastrophic events).

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 2

METHODS

Outcome Definitions

For the purpose of this research the term catastrophic is defined as any severe injury

incurred during participation in a school/college sponsored sport. Catastrophic is divided into

the following three definitions:

1. Fatality

2. Non-Fatal - permanent severe functional disability.

3. Serious - no permanent functional disability but severe injury. An example would be

fractured cervical vertebra with no paralysis.

Sports injuries are also considered traumatic (or direct) or exertional/medical (or

indirect). The definition are as follows:

Traumatic injury (direct) - Those injuries that resulted directly from participation in the

skills of the sport.

Exertional/medical (indirect) - Those events that were caused by systemic failure as a

result of exertion while participating in a sport activity or by a complication

that was secondary to a non-fatal injury.

Note: Beginning in 2014, NCCSIR also collects non sport-related events such as sudden cardiac

arrest that occurred outside of sport activity (e.g., during sleep). These events were not included

in the tables but are described in the Case Summary sections.

Data Collection

Data were compiled with the assistance of coaches, athletic trainers, athletic directors,

executive officers of state and national athletic organizations, online news reports, and

professional associates of the researchers. Data collection would not have been possible without

the support of the NCAA, the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS),

and the AFCA. Upon receiving information concerning a possible catastrophic sports injury,

contact by telephone, email or personal letter and questionnaire was initiated with the injured

player's athletic trainer, athletic director, or coach. Data collected included background

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 3

information on the athlete (age, height, weight, experience, previous injury, etc.), accident

information, immediate and post-accident medical care, type injury, and equipment involved.

Autopsy reports are used when available. In order to improve overall capture of catastrophic

sport injury and illness events, NCCSIR and the Consortium for Catastrophic Injury Monitoring

in Sport developed an online portal where anyone can report a catastrophic event:

https:\\www.sportinjuryreport.org. The portal was activated in January 2015.

Participation in Sport

Athletes may complete in more than one sport season. Therefore, participation is

presented in athlete-seasons. Note that the majority of schools—high school and collegiate—

cancelled their spring 2020 sport seasons due to COVID-19.

Yearly participation estimates for high school athletes are obtained from NFHS

participation reports (available online: https://www.nfhs.org/sports-resource-content/high-

school-participation-survey-archive/ ). The NFHS did not collect sport participation data from

its member states for academic years 2019/20 and 2020/21. Therefore 2019/20 sport

participation was imputed based on 2018/19 values and 2020/21 sport participation was imputed

based on 2021/22 values. NFHS high school annual athletic participation for 2021/22 included

7,618,054 athlete-seasons (3,241,472 female-seasons and 4,376,582 male-seasons). Yearly

participation estimates for collegiate level athletes are obtained from the National Collegiate

Athletic Association (NCAA) participation reports (accessed online:

https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/research/sportpart/2021RES_SportsSponsorshipParticipation

RatesReport.pdf ). NCAA participation for 2020/21 in championship sports was 491,255

athlete-seasons. There were 275,769 male-seasons and 215,486 female-seasons. There were also

3,219 males in non-championship sports (archery, badminton, bowling, equestrian, rowing,

rugby, sailing, and squash) and 3,691 females participating in emerging sports (archery,

badminton, equestrian, rugby, squash, synchronized swimming, team handball, and triathlon).

During the entire 40-year period from the fall of 1982 through the spring of 2022, there

were 258,369,358 (103,543,589 female and 154,825,769 male) high school participant-seasons

in the sports covered by this report and approximately 14,785,084 (5,939,144 female and

8,845,940 male) college participant-seasons (Table 12).

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 4

Not all high schools and colleges are members of the NFHS and NCAA. Complete data

is not available for the non-member schools. Therefore, these participation numbers

underestimate the total number of high school and collegiate participants in the United States.

Analysis

Frequencies and incidence rates of catastrophic injury per 100,000 athlete-seasons were

calculated over the entire 40-year period and stratified by level (high school and college) and

sport. Incidence rates were stratified by traumatic injury (direct) versus exertional/medical

(indirect) and by severity. Note: if there were no events in the sport for a particular year, the

year is excluded from the frequency Table. Rates with number of incidents less than 5

should be interpreted with caution.

It is important to note that information is continually being updated due to the fact that

catastrophic injury information may not always reach the NCCSIR in time to be included in the

current final report. The report includes data that is reported to the NCCSIR by the NCAA, the

NFHS, online reports, colleagues, coaches, and athletic trainers. There may be additional

catastrophic injuries that are not reported to the NCCSIR. The authors acknowledge that not

every catastrophic injury is included in this report.

RESULTS

Current AY2021-2022 Summary

From July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022 there were a total of 86 catastrophic injuries/illnesses

captured by NCCSIR among high school and college organized sport participants. Of these, 65

events were due to or occurred during sport-related activities (Table 11). There was 1 event

where the cause of collapse during sport was unknown. There were also 21 catastrophic events

that occurred during non-sport related activity (11 cardiac-related, 8 motor vehicle crashes

related to athletics, 1 other traumatic injury, and 1 other; 10 collegiate and 11 high school; 15

fatal and 6 nonfatal).

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 5

Sport-related events: The majority of the sport-related catastrophic events (n=65) were at the

high school level (86%, n=56) and among males (94%, n=61). Member institutions for the 9

collegiate cases included 6 NCAA, 2 NAIA, and 1 NJCAA. Overall, 36.9% of cases were fatal,

4.6% were nonfatal permanently disabling, 50.8% were serious with recovery, and 7.7% were

unknown. Forty-nine percent (n=32) were due to exertional/medical conditions (indirect) and

51% (n=33) were due to traumatic injury (direct) causes. The majority of events occurred during

competition (49.2%) or practice (36.9%). The majority of events occurred to athletes

participating in the following sports: football (52.3%), basketball (16.9%), track and field

(6.2%), wrestling (6.2%), soccer (4.6%), and baseball (4.6%). Areas of the body most commonly

affected were heart (35.4%), spine (18.5%), and head/brain (18.5%). Sudden cardiac arrest

(35.4%) was the most common type of event followed by spine injury (17.0%), brain trauma

(16.9%), other traumatic injuries (10.8%), and heat-related injuries (6.2%).

Traumatic injury (direct) events: 18.2% of traumatic injury (direct) events were fatal, 9.1% non-

fatal permanently disabling, 60.6% serious with recovery, and 12.1% unknown. A greater

proportion of traumatic injury (direct) events occurred in competition versus practice (69.7%

versus 24.2%) and were due to contact with another player (50.0%), apparatus/object (9.4%), or

ground/surface (15.6%). The most frequent activity was tackling/being tackled (34.4%) and a

large proportion were unknown (31.3%). The highest proportion was to the spine (36.4%) and

head/brain (36.4%), followed by other traumatic injury (24.2%). The majority occurred in

football (63.6%) followed by wrestling (9.1%), ice hockey (6.1%), and soccer (6.1%). There

were 3 athletes injured via pedestrian motor vehicle crash related to participation in athletics (e.g.

runner struck by car), compared to 1 in 2020/21 and 5 athletes injured in 2019/20.

Exertional/medical (indirect) events: 56.3% of exertional/medical (indirect) events were fatal

and 40.6% recovered. The majority occurred during practice (50.0%) followed by competition

(28.1%), conditioning sessions (9.4%), and scrimmage (6.3%). The most frequent activity was

running (15.6%) and conditioning (6.3%), and 46.9% were unknown. The majority were

cardiac-related (71.9%) and heat-related (12.5%). There were 4 heat stroke events in 2021/22

and 6 in 2020/21 compared to 2 the previous year 2019/20. Football (40.6%) and basketball

(34.4%) comprised the majority followed by baseball (6.3%), and track and field (6.3%).

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 6

Overall Summary

During this 40-year period, there were 3,058 catastrophic sport-related injuries/illnesses at high

school and college levels (Table 1 – excluding cheerleading, drill team, and rodeo there were

2,933). The majority were non-fatal (64%) and from traumatic or direct mechanisms (62%), and

among high school participants (79%). The proportion of fatal (37% versus 34%) and traumatic

injury (direct) (62% versus 58%) were not different by high school compared to college level.

The 65 sport-related catastrophic injuries and conditions captured in 2021/22 is similar to the

previous year (61 in 2020/21) and lower than the years before that (74 in 2019/20 and 93 in

2018/19). The lower numbers in 2019/20 and 2020/21 may be a result of spring sport season

cancellations for many high schools and colleges in 2019/20 and fall sport season cancellations

for many high schools and colleges in 2020/21 in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19)

pandemic. Note: see Discussion regarding the interpretation of this difference.

Traumatic Injuries (Direct) by Sport: For high school sports, football had the highest number of

traumatic injury (direct) catastrophic events, followed by female cheerleading, wrestling,

baseball, and male track and field (Table 4a). Accounting for the number of participants in the

sport, male and female cheerleading, football, male and female gymnastics, and male and female

ice hockey had the highest rates per 100,000 participant-seasons (Figure 2, Table 9a). When

restricted to fatal events, male gymnastics, male ice hockey, football, and female skiing had the

highest rates per 100,000 participant-seasons (Figure 1). Note: see Discussion and

Recommendations page 13 regarding the interpretation of the injury rates for cheerleading.

For college sports, football had the highest number of traumatic injury (direct) catastrophic

events, followed by female cheerleading, baseball, and male track and field (Table 5a).

Accounting for the number of participants in the sport, male gymnastics, female skiing, football,

male ice hockey, female gymnastics, male skiing, and female equestrian had the highest rates per

100,000 participant-seasons (Figure 4, Table 9b). Similar results were observed when restricted

to fatal events where female skiing, male skiing, female equestrian, and female gymnastics had

the highest rates per 100,000 participant-seasons (Figure 3).

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 7

Exertional/Medical Conditions (Indirect) by Sport: For high school sports, football had the

highest number of exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic events, followed by male basketball,

male track and field, male soccer, and male wrestling (Table 4b). Accounting for the number of

participants in the sport, rowing, male basketball, football, male ice hockey, male lacrosse, and

male water polo had the highest rates per 100,000 participant-seasons (Figure 2, Table 10a).

When restricted to fatal events male basketball, football, male water polo, male lacrosse, and

male ice hockey had the highest rates per 100,000 participant-seasons (Figure 1).

For college sports, football had the highest number of exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic

events, followed by male basketball, wrestling, baseball, male swimming, male soccer, and

female basketball (Table 5b). Accounting for the number of participants in the sport, male

basketball, male water polo, male skiing, football, male wrestling, male swimming, male ice

hockey, and female lacrosse had the highest rates per 100,000 participants (Figure 4, Table 10b).

When restricted to fatal events male basketball, male water polo, male skiing, football, male

swimming, and wrestling had the highest rates per 100,000 participants (Figure 3).

DISCUSSION

The following strengths and limitations should be noted:

• Data have been collected by The National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

for all high school and college sports since 1982 using consistent definitions and

methodology over a 30+ year period. These data are provided annually to sport

organizations (NCAA, NFHS, AFCA), researchers and the public. Sports medicine

advisory committees, sport rules committees, and coaching committees review the reports

and have used these data to inform and evaluate safety recommendations, medical care,

and rule changes.

• Catastrophic events are primarily captured through publicly available media reports.

Therefore, not all catastrophic events are captured. Particularly, for non-fatal

catastrophic events, which may not be reported in the media as comprehensively as

fatalities. Under-reporting may also be due to outcome definitions used (e.g. timing of

the event) and event locations (e.g. at home, personal conditioning). In order to

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 8

improve overall capture of these events, NCCSIR and the Consortium for

Catastrophic Injury Monitoring in Sport have developed an online portal where

anyone can report a catastrophic event: https:\\www.sportinjuryreport.org. The

online portal was activated in January 2015. Any observed changes in annual number of

events may be attributed to these described improvements in data collection methods.

• Details surrounding catastrophic events that are only captured through publicly available

media reports may not be completely accurate in the absence of the actual autopsy or

medical reports.

• Incidence rates were calculated using participation estimates from NFHS and the NCAA

in the rate denominator (Table 12). These participation estimates do not include schools

that are not members of these two associations. Participation data were not available for

these non-member schools. At present NFHS and NCAA are the only estimates

available. Therefore, the participation numbers (rate denominator) in this report are

underestimated, which results in an overestimate of the actual incidence rate. Likewise

with cheerleading where participation data are not available for collegiate cheerleading

and utilizing NFHS participation data for competitive spirit.

• Note: that the majority of schools—high school and collegiate—cancelled their spring

2020 sport seasons and many cancelled or rescheduled their Fall 2020 sport seasons due

to COVID-19. It is unclear what the impact of this is on catastrophic injuries and

exertional/medical conditions.

• The NFHS did not collect participation data for their member states in 2019/20 or

2020/21; therefore 2018/19 participation estimates were used to estimate 2019/20

participation and 2021/22 participation estimates were used to estimate 2020/21

participation. Participation has not varied substantially over the past 3-years (7,963,535 in

2016/17; 7,980,886 in 2017/18; 7,937,491 in 2018/19); however, participation in 2021/22

was 7,618,054 down 4% compared to 2018/19. There may be additional variability by

individual sport that could impact sport-specific rates in this report.

• It is important to note that catastrophic events are rare and statistical power for some

strata comparisons are limited. Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be

interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 9

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Each athlete should have a complete physical examination with a medical history and an

annual health history update.

2. All personnel involved with training athletes should emphasize proper, gradual, and sport-

specific physical conditioning.

3. Every school should strive to have a certified athletic trainer.

4. Each school should have a venue-specific, written emergency action plan (EAP) in place,

all personnel should have copies, and procedures should be reviewed and practiced

annually.

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has guidelines and templates

for these plans (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-101/emrgact/emrgact1.html).

• NCAA and the NFHS have guidelines for these plans at the following websites:

www.nfhs.org and www.ncaa.org.

• An automated external defibrillator (AED) should be available and accessible

onsite and medical and coaching staff should be trained in the use.

• In addition to emergency action plans, pre-game emergency plan review meetings

with all relevant coaching, venue, medical, and emergency staff ensure optimal

readiness and that all relevant staff know their role in an emergency (NCHSAA

2019). Examples of pregame meeting reports can be found here:

https://coachesinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NCHSAA_Pre-

game_EAP_Review_Report.pdf

5. There should be an emphasis on employing well trained athletic personnel, providing

excellent facilities, and securing the safest and best equipment available.

6. There should be strict enforcement of game rules and administrative regulations to protect

the health of the athlete and reduce the risk of catastrophic injury. Coaches and school

officials must support the game officials in their rulings during the sporting event.

7. Coaches should be educated on and have the ability to teach the proper fundamental skills

of the specific sport. Specific to football, the proper fundamentals of blocking and

tackling should be emphasized to help reduce head and neck injuries, especially with

keeping the head out of blocking and tackling.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 10

8. Weight loss in wrestling to make weight for a match can be dangerous and cause serious

injury or death. Coaches should be aware of safety precautions and rules associated with

this practice.

9. There should be continued surveillance and safety research in athletics (rules, facilities,

equipment, medical care and procedures).

10. Sudden cardiac arrest: Cardiac-related conditions comprises a third of all catastrophic

events captured among high school and collegiate athletes, and it is recommended that

schools have and emergency action plan and automated external defibrillators (AED)

available and accessible on-site for emergency situations. Early detection and

defibrillation is critical for survival (3-5 minutes recommended). (Casa et al. 2012)

• See also Drezner et al. 2007 for additional information about sudden cardiac arrest

preparedness and management: http://www.nata.org/sites/default/files/sudden-

cardiac-arrest-consensus-statement.pdf

11. Heat-illness: All personnel associated with sport participation should be cognizant of the

safety measures related to physical activity in hot weather. Heat stroke and heat

exhaustion are prevented by careful control of various factors in the conditioning program

of the athlete. Best practices for management of exertional heat stroke emphasize

reducing core temperature and minimizing the duration of hyperthermia as essential in

reducing the risk of potential organ damage or death (i.e., "Cool First, Transport Second")

(Casa et al. 2015).

• The NATA has a heat illness position statement on their web site

(https://www.nata.org/news-publications/pressroom/statements/position) with

recommendations for prevention: Casa et al. 2015

(http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.07) and Casa & Cisllan,

2009 (http://natajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.4085/1062-6050-44.3.332)

• Coaches, athletic trainers, and players should refer to the multiple published best

practices by the NATA, American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), NFHS, and

NCAA on preventing and managing heat illness. Emergency action plans should be

activated.

• Link to the NFHS Sport Medicine Advisory Committee Position Statements:

https://www.nfhs.org/sports-resource-content/nfhs-sports-medicine-position-

statements-and-guidelines/

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 11

• Link to handout from the NATA on Heat Illness:

http://www.nfhs.org/media/1015650/2015-nata-heat-illness-handout.pdf

• Link to handout from the Kory Stringer Institute on exertional heat stroke prevention:

https://ksi.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1222/2018/01/Preventing-Surviving-

EHS-September-2017.pdf

12. Head Trauma: When a player has shown signs or symptoms of head trauma (such as a

change in the athlete’s behavior, thinking, or physical functioning), the player should

receive immediate medical attention from an appropriate medical provider and should not

be allowed to return to practice or game that day. The athlete should not be allowed to

return to practice or game without an evaluation by an appropriate medical provider.

• All athletes and athletic personnel should follow the state, NFHS, and NCAA policies

related to concussion and return to play. See the following CDC resource for a list of

states and their concussion policies: https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/policy/index.html

• For the most up to date information on concussion management please refer to the

updated Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport: the 6th International

Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Amsterdam, October of 2022 (Patricios et

al. 2023 available at https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/11/695). Some cases associated

with brain trauma reported that players complained of symptoms or had a previous

concussion prior to their deaths. The team physician, athletic trainer, or coach should

ensure players understand signs and symptoms of concussion and brain trauma.

Players should also be encouraged to inform the team physician, athletic trainer, or

coach if they are experiencing any of the signs or symptoms of brain trauma outlined

by the CDC.

• HEADS UP ON CONCUSSION IN SPORTS:

Information for Parents, Coaches, and School & Sports Professionals. Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/headsup/highschoolsports/index.html

The NFHS Sport Medicine Advisory Committee has developed guidelines for concussion

management in sports: http://www.nfhs.org/media/1014737/suggested-guidelines-for-

management-of-a-concussion-in-sports-october-2013-2.pdf

The NCAA has created several rules to help manage concussion injuries. The NCAA has

created a set of best practices that are available in the Sports Medicine Handbook which may

be found at: http://www.ncaapublications.com/

Every NCAA member school is required to have a concussion-management plan that:

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 12

• Requires student-athletes to receive information about the signs and symptoms of

concussions. They also are required to sign a waiver that says they are responsible for

reporting injuries to the medical staff.

• Mandates that institutions provide a process for removing a student-athlete from

play/participation if they exhibit signs of a concussion. Student-athletes exhibiting

signs of a concussions must be evaluated by a medical staff member with experience

in the evaluation and management of concussions before they return to play.

• Prohibits a student-athlete with concussion symptoms from returning to play on the

same day of the activity.

• Requires student-athletes diagnosed with a concussion be cleared by a physician

before they are permitted to return.

13. Spinal injuries: Early recognition, prompt medical evaluation and management of

cervical cord and spine injuries is critical for preventing permanent disability and death.

Certified athletic trainers are trained to recognize and manage these injuries and whenever

possible should be present for all football practices and games. For the most up to date

information on management and prevention of these injuries see the following websites:

• National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) Consensus Statement:

https://meridian.allenpress.com/jat/article/55/6/563/438476/Consensus-

Recommendations-on-the-Prehospital-Care (Mills et al. 2020)

• The Spine Injury in Sport Group is comprised of 25 medical bodies and sport

organizations and published best practice guidelines for prehospital care and

management of football players with suspected spine injuries:

https://meridian.allenpress.com/jat/article/55/6/545/438481/Best-Practices-and-

Current-Care-Concepts-in (Courson et al. 2020).

o Video demonstrating the new NATA best practice guidelines for management

of athletes with suspected spine injuries: https://www.acep.org/by-medical-

focus/sports-medicine/

• Kory Stringer Institute: https://ksi.uconn.edu/emergency-conditions/cervical-spine-

injury/

14. Internal Organ Injuries: Like cervical cord and spinal injuries, early recognition and

prompt medical evaluation and treatment of internal organ injuries is critical for ensuring

the best possible outcome. Emergency action plans, access to certified athletic trainers,

and on-site medical services for competitions constitute best practices for these injuries.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 13

A better understanding of the activities and mechanisms associated with these injuries

and use of protective gear worn is needed for prevention. Wearing protective gear (e.g.,

padded belt or shirt) that extends beyond the bottom of the shoulder pads to cover the

torso may protect internal organs from direct contact.

15. Lightning-Related Injuries: Lightning-related injuries can happen during severe

weather. In 2018, there were 20 documented lightning-related deaths and 82 nonfatal

injuries among the general population in the United States (Insurance Information

Institute, n.d.; National Weather Service, 2019). July and August have the highest risk

for lightning strike-related injury. A majority of lightning-related deaths are associated

with outdoor recreation (Thomson & Howard, 2013). An athlete struck by lightning may

suffer traumatic injuries and sudden cardiac arrest. Prevention measures include

monitoring weather conditions and moving to a designated safe location until the threat

has passed. This is not only important for athletes, but also for spectators.

16. Cheerleading Injuries: The NFHS sponsors competitive spirit and cheerleading

participation is estimated from NFHS estimates for competitive spirit. Many high school

and colleges have cheerleading programs that are not sponsored by either the NFHS or

NCAA. Sport Market Analytics operated by SBnet

(http://www.sportsmarketanalytics.com) estimates there were 612,680 cheerleaders ages

13-17 participating at least 50 times per year in 2018 compared to NFHS competitive

spirit participation of 165,296 in 2018/19. This represents a 3 fold difference in

participation estimates and results in higher high school level rates for cheerleading in

this report. Cheerleading is not a sponsored sport for NCAA collegiate athletes; however,

there is an estimated 144,160 cheerleaders age 18-24 participating at least 50 times per

year in 2018. Accurate denominators for competitive cheerleading at the high school and

college level are needed. Previous research indicates that fliers comprise the 70% of

catastrophic injuries at the high school and collegiate level (Yau et al. 2018). Rule

changes in basket toss in 2006/07 resulted in 4-fold reduction in basket toss injuries.

Continued surveillance is important for ensuring the continued safety of cheerleading.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 14

REFERENCES

Casa, D., & Csillan, D. (2009). Preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines for secondary school

athletics. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(3), 332-333. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.3.332

Casa, D. J., J. K. DeMartini, M. F. Bergeron, D. Csillan, E. R. Eichner, R. M. Lopez, M. S.

Ferrara, K. C. Miller, F. G. O'Connor, M. N. Sawka and S. W. Yeargin (2015). "National

Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Exertional heat illness." Journal of Athletic

Training 50(9): 986-1000.

Casa, D., Guskiewicz, K., Anderson, S., Courson, R., Heck, J., Jimenez, C., et al. (2012).

National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing sudden death in sports.

Journal of Athletic Training 47(1), 96-118.

Courson, R., Ellis, J., Herring, S. A., Boden, B. P., Henry, G., Conway, D., McNamara, L., Neal,

T. L., Putukian, M., Sills, A. K., & Walpert, K. P. (2020). Best Practices and Current Care

Concepts in Prehospital Care of the Spine-Injured Athlete in American Tackle Football March 2-

3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Journal of athletic training, 55(6), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-

6050-430-19

Drezner, J. A., Courson, R. W., Roberts, W. O., Mosesso, V. N., Link, M. S., & Maron, B. J.

(2007). Inter-Association Task Force Recommendations on Emergency Preparedness and

Management of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in High School and College Athletic Programs: A

Consensus Statement. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(1), 143–158.

Insurance Information Institute. (n.d.). Facts + Statistics" Lightning. Retrieved October 21, 2019,

from https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-lightning

North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA), “Purpose of the Pregame EAP

Review (PEAPR)”, July 2019. Accessed 6/15/2023:

https://www.nchsaa.org/sites/default/files/attachments/NCHSAA_Pre-

game_EAP_Review_Purpose.pdf

Patricios, J.S., Schneider, K.J., Dvorak, J., et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the

6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports

Med. 2023;57(11):695-711. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106898 (direct link:

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/11/695)

Mills, B. M., Conrick, K. M., Anderson, S., Bailes, J., Boden, B. P., Conway, D., Ellis, J., Feld,

F., Grant, M., Hainline, B., Henry, G., Herring, S. A., Hsu, W. K., Isakov, A., Lindley, T. R.,

McNamara, L., Mihalik, J. P., Neal, T. L., Putukian, M., Rivara, F. P., … Courson, R. (2020).

Consensus Recommendations on the Prehospital Care of the Injured Athlete With a Suspected

Catastrophic Cervical Spine Injury. Journal of athletic training, 55(6), 563–572.

https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0434.19

Thomson, E. M., & Howard, T. M. (2013). Lightning injuries in sports and recreation. Current

Sports Medicine Reports, 12(2), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e318287728f

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 15

Yau, R. K., Dennis, S. G., Boden, B. P., Cantu, R. C., Lord, J. A., & Kucera, K. L. (2019).

Catastrophic High School and Collegiate Cheerleading Injuries in the United States: An

Examination of the 2006-2007 Basket Toss Rule Change. Sports health, 11(1), 32–39. DOI:

10.1177/1941738118807122.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 16

TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: Number of All catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and exertional/medical

conditions (indirect) by year: All sports combined, all levels (high school and college)

Collegiate/

High School

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

1982-1983

11

18.0%

50

82.0%

61

100.0%

1983-1984

13

21.0%

49

79.0%

62

100.0%

1984-1985

9

17.6%

42

82.4%

51

100.0%

1985-1986

16

27.6%

42

72.4%

58

100.0%

1986-1987

18

25.7%

52

74.3%

70

100.0%

1987-1988

15

17.9%

69

82.1%

84

100.0%

1988-1989

17

22.7%

58

77.3%

75

100.0%

1989-1990

11

14.5%

65

85.5%

76

100.0%

1990-1991

15

24.2%

47

75.8%

62

100.0%

1991-1992

11

23.4%

36

76.6%

47

100.0%

1992-1993

9

15.0%

51

85.0%

60

100.0%

1993-1994

11

16.7%

55

83.3%

66

100.0%

1994-1995

12

23.1%

40

76.9%

52

100.0%

1995-1996

8

15.4%

44

84.6%

52

100.0%

1996-1997

9

13.4%

58

86.6%

67

100.0%

1997-1998

15

20.0%

60

80.0%

75

100.0%

1998-1999

10

12.8%

68

87.2%

78

100.0%

1999-2000

10

13.9%

62

86.1%

72

100.0%

2000-2001

19

26.8%

52

73.2%

71

100.0%

2001-2002

14

16.9%

69

83.1%

83

100.0%

2002-2003

16

25.8%

46

74.2%

62

100.0%

2003-2004

18

24.3%

56

75.7%

74

100.0%

2004-2005

11

15.3%

61

84.7%

72

100.0%

2005-2006

12

21.4%

44

78.6%

56

100.0%

2006-2007

14

17.7%

65

82.3%

79

100.0%

2007-2008

15

18.3%

67

81.7%

82

100.0%

2008-2009

19

16.8%

94

83.2%

113

100.0%

2009-2010

28

28.0%

72

72.0%

100

100.0%

2010-2011

17

21.0%

64

79.0%

81

100.0%

2011-2012

24

27.0%

65

73.0%

89

100.0%

2012-2013

17

32.7%

35

67.3%

52

100.0%

2013-2014

18

21.2%

67

78.8%

85

100.0%

2014-2015

18

20.9%

68

79.1%

86

100.0%

2015-2016

20

18.9%

86

81.1%

106

100.0%

2016-2017

33

37.1%

56

62.9%

89

100.0%

2017-2018

25

27.2%

67

72.8%

92

100.0%

2018-2019

22

23.7%

71

76.3%

93

100.0%

2019-2020

10

13.5%

64

86.5%

74

100.0%

2020-2021

9

14.8%

52

85.2%

61

100.0%

2021-2022

9

13.8%

56

86.2%

65

100.0%

Total

608

20.7%

2325

79.3%

2933

100.0%

Total*

644

21.1%

2414

78.9%

3058

100.0%

*Includes Cheerleading, Drill Team, Rodeo

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 17

Table 2: Number of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by year: All sports combined,

all levels (high school and college)

Collegiate/

High School

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

1982-1983

5

12.5%

35

87.5%

40

100.0%

1983-1984

8

19.0%

34

81.0%

42

100.0%

1984-1985

9

22.5%

31

77.5%

40

100.0%

1985-1986

15

30.6%

34

69.4%

49

100.0%

1986-1987

14

26.9%

38

73.1%

52

100.0%

1987-1988

8

12.3%

57

87.7%

65

100.0%

1988-1989

13

22.8%

44

77.2%

57

100.0%

1989-1990

7

13.5%

45

86.5%

52

100.0%

1990-1991

11

28.2%

28

71.8%

39

100.0%

1991-1992

6

17.6%

28

82.4%

34

100.0%

1992-1993

7

17.9%

32

82.1%

39

100.0%

1993-1994

6

13.6%

38

86.4%

44

100.0%

1994-1995

9

23.7%

29

76.3%

38

100.0%

1995-1996

6

17.6%

28

82.4%

34

100.0%

1996-1997

7

13.7%

44

86.3%

51

100.0%

1997-1998

6

12.0%

44

88.0%

50

100.0%

1998-1999

10

18.2%

45

81.8%

55

100.0%

1999-2000

9

20.9%

34

79.1%

43

100.0%

2000-2001

14

31.8%

30

68.2%

44

100.0%

2001-2002

5

9.6%

47

90.4%

52

100.0%

2002-2003

10

26.3%

28

73.7%

38

100.0%

2003-2004

12

22.2%

42

77.8%

54

100.0%

2004-2005

6

18.2%

27

81.8%

33

100.0%

2005-2006

7

21.9%

25

78.1%

32

100.0%

2006-2007

8

16.3%

41

83.7%

49

100.0%

2007-2008

9

16.7%

45

83.3%

54

100.0%

2008-2009

10

12.5%

70

87.5%

80

100.0%

2009-2010

16

26.7%

44

73.3%

60

100.0%

2010-2011

11

21.6%

40

78.4%

51

100.0%

2011-2012

9

16.4%

46

83.6%

55

100.0%

2012-2013

8

36.4%

14

63.6%

22

100.0%

2013-2014

3

8.6%

32

91.4%

35

100.0%

2014-2015

6

20.0%

24

80.0%

30

100.0%

2015-2016

15

23.8%

48

76.2%

63

100.0%

2016-2017

7

22.6%

24

77.4%

31

100.0%

2017-2018

9

22.0%

32

78.0%

41

100.0%

2018-2019

7

15.6%

38

84.4%

45

100.0%

2019-2020

4

11.1%

32

88.9%

36

100.0%

2020-2021

4

19.0%

17

81.0%

21

100.0%

2021-2022

5

15.2%

28

84.8%

33

100.0%

Total

341

19.1%

1442

80.9%

1783

100.0%

Total*

377

19.9%

1519

80.1%

1896

100.0%

*Includes Cheerleading, Drill Team, Rodeo

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 18

Table 3: Number of Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by year: All

sports combined, all levels (high school and college)

Collegiate/

High School

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

1982-1983

6

28.6%

15

71.4%

21

100.0%

1983-1984

5

25.0%

15

75.0%

20

100.0%

1984-1985

0

11

100.0%

11

100.0%

1985-1986

1

11.1%

8

88.9%

9

100.0%

1986-1987

4

22.2%

14

77.8%

18

100.0%

1987-1988

7

36.8%

12

63.2%

19

100.0%

1988-1989

4

22.2%

14

77.8%

18

100.0%

1989-1990

4

16.7%

20

83.3%

24

100.0%

1990-1991

4

17.4%

19

82.6%

23

100.0%

1991-1992

5

38.5%

8

61.5%

13

100.0%

1992-1993

2

9.5%

19

90.5%

21

100.0%

1993-1994

5

22.7%

17

77.3%

22

100.0%

1994-1995

3

21.4%

11

78.6%

14

100.0%

1995-1996

2

11.1%

16

88.9%

18

100.0%

1996-1997

2

12.5%

14

87.5%

16

100.0%

1997-1998

9

36.0%

16

64.0%

25

100.0%

1998-1999

0

23

100.0%

23

100.0%

1999-2000

1

3.4%

28

96.6%

29

100.0%

2000-2001

5

18.5%

22

81.5%

27

100.0%

2001-2002

9

29.0%

22

71.0%

31

100.0%

2002-2003

6

25.0%

18

75.0%

24

100.0%

2003-2004

6

30.0%

14

70.0%

20

100.0%

2004-2005

5

12.8%

34

87.2%

39

100.0%

2005-2006

5

20.8%

19

79.2%

24

100.0%

2006-2007

6

20.0%

24

80.0%

30

100.0%

2007-2008

6

21.4%

22

78.6%

28

100.0%

2008-2009

9

27.3%

24

72.7%

33

100.0%

2009-2010

12

30.0%

28

70.0%

40

100.0%

2010-2011

6

20.0%

24

80.0%

30

100.0%

2011-2012

15

44.1%

19

55.9%

34

100.0%

2012-2013

9

30.0%

21

70.0%

30

100.0%

2013-2014

15

30.0%

35

70.0%

50

100.0%

2014-2015

12

21.4%

44

78.6%

56

100.0%

2015-2016

5

11.6%

38

88.4%

43

100.0%

2016-2017

26

44.8%

32

55.2%

58

100.0%

2017-2018

16

31.4%

35

68.6%

51

100.0%

2018-2019

15

31.3%

33

68.8%

48

100.0%

2019-2020

6

15.8%

32

84.2%

38

100.0%

2020-2021

5

12.5%

35

87.5%

40

100.0%

2021-2022

4

12.5%

28

87.5%

32

100.0%

Total

267

23.2%

883

76.8%

1150

100.0%

Total*

267

23.0%

895

77.0%

1162

100.0%

*Includes Cheerleading, Drill Team, Rodeo

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 19

Table 4a: Number of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by sport: High

school all years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22

Serious

Non-fatal

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

31

43.1%

21

29.2%

17

23.6%

3

4.2%

72

100.0%

Basketball

Female

4

57.1%

3

42.9%

0

7

100.0%

Male

12

66.7%

4

22.2%

1

5.6%

1

5.6%

18

100.0%

Cheerleading

Female

44

58.7%

24

32.0%

1

1.3%

6

8.0%

75

100.0%

Male

1

50.0%

1

50.0%

0

2

100.0%

Cross

Country

Female

1

33.3%

0

2

66.7%

0

3

100.0%

Male

0

2

40.0%

3

60.0%

0

5

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

0

1

33.3%

0

2

66.7%

3

100.0%

Football

Male

437

41.5%

424

40.3%

146

13.9%

45

4.3%

1052

100.0%

Golf

Male

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Gymnastics

Female

5

41.7%

7

58.3%

0

12

100.0%

Male

1

25.0%

2

50.0%

1

25.0%

0

4

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Female

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

3

100.0%

Male

13

38.2%

14

41.2%

5

14.7%

2

5.9%

34

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

2

66.7%

0

1

33.3%

3

100.0%

Male

14

56.0%

7

28.0%

2

8.0%

2

8.0%

25

100.0%

Skiing

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

6

66.7%

1

11.1%

2

22.2%

0

9

100.0%

Male

9

47.4%

2

10.5%

7

36.8%

1

5.3%

19

100.0%

Softball

Female

6

85.7%

1

14.3%

0

7

100.0%

Swimming

Female

2

28.6%

5

71.4%

0

7

100.0%

Male

3

30.0%

6

60.0%

1

10.0%

0

10

100.0%

Track and

Field

Female

7

58.3%

2

16.7%

3

25.0%

0

12

100.0%

Male

15

25.0%

17

28.3%

23

38.3%

5

8.3%

60

100.0%

Volleyball

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Wrestling

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

27

37.0%

41

56.2%

3

4.1%

2

2.7%

73

100.0%

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 20

Table 4b: Number of Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by

sport: High school all years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22

Serious

Non-fatal

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

11

34.4%

0

21

65.6%

0

32

100.0%

Basketball

Female

5

21.7%

0

18

78.3%

0

23

100.0%

Male

50

24.9%

0

150

74.6%

1

0.5%

201

100.0%

Cheerleading

Female

4

33.3%

0

8

66.7%

0

12

100.0%

Cross Country

Female

5

31.3%

0

11

68.8%

0

16

100.0%

Male

7

22.6%

0

24

77.4%

0

31

100.0%

Unknown

0

1

100.0%

1

100.0%

Dance

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

1

25.0%

0

3

75.0%

0

4

100.0%

Football

Male

62

18.3%

3

0.9%

270

79.9%

3

0.9%

338

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Male

3

37.5%

0

5

62.5%

0

8

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

2

16.7%

0

10

83.3%

0

12

100.0%

Other

Female

2

50.0%

0

2

50.0%

0

4

100.0%

Rowing

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Rugby

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Running/Jogging

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

3

21.4%

0

11

78.6%

0

14

100.0%

Male

12

25.5%

1

2.1%

32

68.1%

2

4.3%

47

100.0%

Softball

Female

2

66.7%

0

1

33.3%

0

3

100.0%

Swimming

Female

2

16.7%

0

9

75.0%

1

8.3%

12

100.0%

Male

1

11.1%

0

8

88.9%

0

9

100.0%

Tennis

Female

0

2

100.0%

0

2

100.0%

Male

1

20.0%

0

4

80.0%

0

5

100.0%

Track and Field

Female

1

11.1%

1

11.1%

7

77.8%

0

9

100.0%

Male

10

19.2%

0

42

80.8%

0

52

100.0%

Volleyball

Female

4

57.1%

0

3

42.9%

0

7

100.0%

Water Polo

Female

1

50.0%

0

1

50.0%

0

2

100.0%

Male

0

3

100.0%

0

3

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

9

22.0%

0

31

75.6%

1

2.4%

41

100.0%

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 21

Table 5a: Number of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by sport: College

all years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22

Serious

Non-fatal

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

9

45.0%

7

35.0%

3

15.0%

1

5.0%

20

100.0%

Basketball

Female

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

9

81.8%

1

9.1%

1

9.1%

0

11

100.0%

Cheerleading

Female

13

46.4%

13

46.4%

1

3.6%

1

3.6%

28

100.0%

Male

3

60.0%

2

40.0%

0

5

100.0%

Equestrian

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

2

66.7%

0

1

33.3%

3

100.0%

Football

Male

155

68.3%

54

23.8%

17

7.5%

1

0.4%

227

100.0%

Gymnastics

Female

0

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

3

100.0%

Male

2

66.7%

1

33.3%

0

3

100.0%

Unknown

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Female

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

7

58.3%

5

41.7%

0

12

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

0

2

100.0%

0

2

100.0%

Male

2

28.6%

1

14.3%

4

57.1%

0

7

100.0%

Rodeo

Male

0

3

100.0%

0

3

100.0%

Rowing

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Rugby

Male

1

25.0%

3

75.0%

0

4

100.0%

Skiing

Female

0

1

50.0%

1

50.0%

0

2

100.0%

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

4

66.7%

2

33.3%

0

6

100.0%

Male

3

75.0%

1

25.0%

0

4

100.0%

Softball

Female

4

80.0%

0

1

20.0%

5

100.0%

Swimming

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Track and Field

Female

1

50.0%

1

50.0%

0

2

100.0%

Male

7

35.0%

6

30.0%

7

35.0%

0

20

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

1

33.3%

2

66.7%

0

3

100.0%

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 22

Table 5b: Number of Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by

sport: College all years combined 1982/83 to 2021/22

Serious

Fatal

Unknown

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Baseball

Male

2

18.2%

8

72.7%

1

9.1%

11

100.0%

Basketball

Female

3

37.5%

5

62.5%

0

8

100.0%

Male

21

33.3%

42

66.7%

0

63

100.0%

Cross Country

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

2

50.0%

2

50.0%

0

4

100.0%

Field Hockey

Female

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Football

Male

25

25.0%

74

74.0%

1

1.0%

100

100.0%

Gymnastics

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Ice Hockey

Male

3

75.0%

1

25.0%

0

4

100.0%

Lacrosse

Female

6

100.0%

0

6

100.0%

Male

1

33.3%

2

66.7%

0

3

100.0%

Rowing

Male

0

2

100.0%

0

2

100.0%

Skiing

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Soccer

Female

1

25.0%

3

75.0%

0

4

100.0%

Male

3

33.3%

6

66.7%

0

9

100.0%

Softball

Female

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Swimming

Female

1

25.0%

3

75.0%

0

4

100.0%

Male

1

10.0%

9

90.0%

0

10

100.0%

Tennis

Female

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

0

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Track and Field

Female

1

100.0%

0

1

100.0%

Male

4

66.7%

2

33.3%

0

6

100.0%

Volleyball

Female

10

83.3%

2

16.7%

0

12

100.0%

Water Polo

Male

0

2

100.0%

0

2

100.0%

Wrestling

Male

4

36.4%

7

63.6%

0

11

100.0%

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 23

Table 6a: Number of catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and exertional/medical

conditions (indirect) by Severity by year: High school

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

25

0.49

10

0.20

15

0.30

1983-1984

23

0.46

15

0.30

11

0.22

1984-1985

17

0.34

13

0.26

12

0.24

1985-1986

10

0.20

15

0.29

16

0.31

1986-1987

26

0.51

12

0.23

12

0.23

1987-1988

17

0.33

25

0.48

27

0.52

1988-1989

21

0.40

20

0.39

17

0.33

1989-1990

24

0.46

26

0.50

15

0.29

1990-1991

23

0.44

15

0.29

9

0.17

1991-1992

12

0.23

9

0.17

15

0.28

1992-1993

23

0.43

14

0.26

14

0.26

1993-1994

22

0.40

15

0.27

16

0.29

1994-1995

13

0.23

14

0.25

13

0.23

1995-1996

19

0.32

13

0.22

9

0.15

1996-1997

25

0.41

16

0.26

14

0.23

1997-1998

24

0.38

23

0.37

12

0.19

1998-1999

31

0.48

13

0.20

23

0.36

1999-2000

33

0.51

16

0.25

12

0.19

2000-2001

26

0.39

15

0.23

11

0.17

2001-2002

30

0.46

19

0.29

17

0.26

2002-2003

21

0.31

11

0.16

13

0.19

2003-2004

17

0.25

23

0.34

15

0.22

2004-2005

36

0.53

15

0.22

8

0.12

2005-2006

21

0.30

12

0.17

11

0.16

2006-2007

21

0.29

23

0.32

21

0.29

2007-2008

23

0.32

15

0.21

29

0.40

2008-2009

29

0.40

31

0.42

34

0.47

2009-2010

24

0.32

22

0.30

26

0.35

2010-2011

26

0.35

16

0.22

22

0.30

2011-2012

22

0.30

24

0.32

19

0.26

2012-2013

22

0.30

6

0.08

6

0.08

2013-2014

27

0.37

9

0.12

27

0.37

2014-2015

25

0.33

7

0.09

34

0.45

2015-2016

27

0.36

10

0.13

45

0.59

2016-2017

16

0.21

5

0.07

32

0.42

2017-2018

14

0.18

8

0.10

41

0.53

2018-2019

17

0.22

6

0.08

36

0.47

2019-2020

18

0.24

3

0.04

33

0.43

2020-2021

19

0.26

1

0.01

25

0.35

2021-2022

21

0.29

3

0.04

27

0.37

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 24

Table 6b: Number of catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and exertional/medical

conditions (indirect) by Severity by year: College

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

7

2.92

3

1.25

1

0.42

1983-1984

5

1.95

2

0.78

6

2.34

1984-1985

1

0.37

3

1.11

5

1.85

1985-1986

4

1.39

4

1.39

8

2.77

1986-1987

5

1.72

2

0.69

11

3.78

1987-1988

7

2.52

1

0.36

7

2.52

1988-1989

4

1.51

4

1.51

9

3.39

1989-1990

4

1.49

2

0.74

4

1.49

1990-1991

5

1.89

6

2.27

4

1.51

1991-1992

5

1.82

1

0.36

5

1.82

1992-1993

3

1.07

0

6

2.14

1993-1994

7

2.46

0

4

1.41

1994-1995

3

1.02

3

1.02

6

2.05

1995-1996

2

0.67

4

1.35

2

0.67

1996-1997

3

0.89

5

1.49

1

0.30

1997-1998

9

2.72

1

0.30

5

1.51

1998-1999

2

0.61

3

0.91

5

1.52

1999-2000

3

0.84

2

0.56

5

1.40

2000-2001

7

2.01

4

1.15

8

2.29

2001-2002

10

2.70

1

0.27

3

0.81

2002-2003

6

1.65

3

0.82

7

1.92

2003-2004

9

2.41

4

1.07

5

1.34

2004-2005

5

1.33

2

0.53

4

1.06

2005-2006

5

1.30

4

1.04

2

0.52

2006-2007

6

1.52

1

0.25

7

1.77

2007-2008

5

1.24

1

0.25

9

2.22

2008-2009

5

1.21

1

0.24

13

3.14

2009-2010

14

3.31

2

0.47

12

2.84

2010-2011

4

0.93

9

2.08

3

0.69

2011-2012

10

2.24

0

14

3.14

2012-2013

7

1.54

3

0.66

6

1.32

2013-2014

6

1.29

0

12

2.58

2014-2015

4

0.84

1

0.21

13

2.74

2015-2016

3

0.62

3

0.62

13

2.68

2016-2017

5

1.03

2

0.41

26

5.34

2017-2018

5

1.02

2

0.41

18

3.66

2018-2019

10

2.02

2

0.40

9

1.82

2019-2020

2

0.40

0

8

1.60

2020-2021

2

0.40

0

7

1.39

2021-2022

3

0.61

0

6

1.22

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 25

Table 7a: Rate of traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by year: High school

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

10

0.20

10

0.20

15

0.30

1983-1984

8

0.16

15

0.30

11

0.22

1984-1985

6

0.12

13

0.26

12

0.24

1985-1986

3

0.06

15

0.29

16

0.31

1986-1987

13

0.25

12

0.23

11

0.21

1987-1988

5

0.10

25

0.48

27

0.52

1988-1989

8

0.15

20

0.39

16

0.31

1989-1990

5

0.10

26

0.50

14

0.27

1990-1991

4

0.08

15

0.29

9

0.17

1991-1992

4

0.08

9

0.17

15

0.28

1992-1993

4

0.08

14

0.26

14

0.26

1993-1994

5

0.09

15

0.27

16

0.29

1994-1995

2

0.04

14

0.25

13

0.23

1995-1996

4

0.07

13

0.22

9

0.15

1996-1997

11

0.18

16

0.26

14

0.23

1997-1998

8

0.13

23

0.37

12

0.19

1998-1999

8

0.13

13

0.20

23

0.36

1999-2000

7

0.11

16

0.25

10

0.16

2000-2001

4

0.06

15

0.23

11

0.17

2001-2002

9

0.14

19

0.29

17

0.26

2002-2003

3

0.04

11

0.16

13

0.19

2003-2004

3

0.04

23

0.34

15

0.22

2004-2005

5

0.07

15

0.22

6

0.09

2005-2006

4

0.06

12

0.17

9

0.13

2006-2007

2

0.03

22

0.31

17

0.24

2007-2008

2

0.03

15

0.21

28

0.39

2008-2009

10

0.14

31

0.42

29

0.40

2009-2010

2

0.03

21

0.28

21

0.28

2010-2011

6

0.08

16

0.22

18

0.24

2011-2012

4

0.05

24

0.32

18

0.24

2012-2013

4

0.05

5

0.07

4

0.05

2013-2014

8

0.11

9

0.12

13

0.18

2014-2015

6

0.08

6

0.08

10

0.13

2015-2016

8

0.11

10

0.13

27

0.36

2016-2017

2

0.03

5

0.07

15

0.20

2017-2018

3

0.04

8

0.10

17

0.22

2018-2019

3

0.04

6

0.08

17

0.22

2019-2020

6

0.08

2

0.03

14

0.18

2020-2021

3

0.04

1

0.01

6

0.08

2021-2022

5

0.07

3

0.04

16

0.22

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 26

Table 7b: Rate of traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by severity by year: College

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

1

0.42

3

1.25

1

0.42

1983-1984

0

2

0.78

6

2.34

1984-1985

1

0.37

3

1.11

5

1.85

1985-1986

3

1.04

4

1.39

8

2.77

1986-1987

1

0.34

2

0.69

11

3.78

1987-1988

0

1

0.36

7

2.52

1988-1989

0

4

1.51

9

3.39

1989-1990

1

0.37

2

0.74

4

1.49

1990-1991

1

0.38

6

2.27

4

1.51

1991-1992

1

0.36

1

0.36

4

1.45

1992-1993

1

0.36

0

6

2.14

1993-1994

2

0.70

0

4

1.41

1994-1995

0

3

1.02

6

2.05

1995-1996

0

4

1.35

2

0.67

1996-1997

1

0.30

5

1.49

1

0.30

1997-1998

1

0.30

1

0.30

4

1.21

1998-1999

2

0.61

3

0.91

5

1.52

1999-2000

2

0.56

2

0.56

5

1.40

2000-2001

2

0.57

4

1.15

8

2.29

2001-2002

1

0.27

1

0.27

3

0.81

2002-2003

1

0.27

3

0.82

6

1.65

2003-2004

3

0.80

4

1.07

5

1.34

2004-2005

1

0.27

2

0.53

3

0.80

2005-2006

0

4

1.04

2

0.52

2006-2007

0

1

0.25

7

1.77

2007-2008

0

1

0.25

8

1.98

2008-2009

0

1

0.24

9

2.18

2009-2010

4

0.95

2

0.47

10

2.37

2010-2011

0

9

2.08

2

0.46

2011-2012

2

0.45

0

7

1.57

2012-2013

0

3

0.66

4

0.88

2013-2014

1

0.22

0

2

0.43

2014-2015

0

1

0.21

5

1.05

2015-2016

0

3

0.62

11

2.27

2016-2017

0

2

0.41

5

1.03

2017-2018

2

0.41

2

0.41

5

1.02

2018-2019

0

2

0.40

4

0.81

2019-2020

1

0.20

0

3

0.60

2020-2021

0

4

0.79

2021-2022

1

0.20

0

4

0.81

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 27

Table 8a: Rate of exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by year:

High School

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

15

0.30

0

1983-1984

15

0.30

0

1984-1985

11

0.22

0

1985-1986

7

0.14

0

1986-1987

13

0.25

0

1

0.02

1987-1988

12

0.23

0

1988-1989

13

0.25

0

1

0.02

1989-1990

19

0.37

0

1

0.02

1990-1991

19

0.36

0

1991-1992

8

0.15

0

1992-1993

19

0.36

0

1993-1994

17

0.31

0

1994-1995

11

0.19

0

1995-1996

15

0.25

0

1996-1997

14

0.23

0

1997-1998

16

0.26

0

1998-1999

23

0.36

0

1999-2000

26

0.40

0

2

0.03

2000-2001

22

0.33

0

2001-2002

21

0.32

0

2002-2003

18

0.27

0

2003-2004

14

0.21

0

2004-2005

31

0.45

0

2

0.03

2005-2006

17

0.24

0

2

0.03

2006-2007

19

0.27

1

0.01

4

0.06

2007-2008

21

0.29

0

1

0.01

2008-2009

19

0.26

0

5

0.07

2009-2010

22

0.30

1

0.01

5

0.07

2010-2011

20

0.27

0

4

0.05

2011-2012

18

0.24

0

1

0.01

2012-2013

18

0.24

1

0.01

2

0.03

2013-2014

19

0.26

0

14

0.19

2014-2015

19

0.25

1

0.01

24

0.32

2015-2016

19

0.25

0

18

0.24

2016-2017

14

0.18

0

17

0.22

2017-2018

11

0.14

0

24

0.31

2018-2019

14

0.18

0

19

0.25

2019-2020

12

0.16

1

0.01

19

0.25

2020-2021

16

0.22

0

19

0.26

2021-2022

16

0.22

0

11

0.15

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 28

Table 8b: Rate of exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by severity by year:

College

Fatal

Serious

N

Rate per

100,000

N

Rate per

100,000

1982-1983

6

2.50

0

1983-1984

5

1.95

0

1984-1985

0

1985-1986

1

0.35

0

1986-1987

4

1.38

0

1987-1988

7

2.52

0

1988-1989

4

1.51

0

1989-1990

3

1.11

0

1990-1991

4

1.51

0

1991-1992

4

1.45

1

0.36

1992-1993

2

0.71

0

1993-1994

5

1.76

0

1994-1995

3

1.02

0

1995-1996

2

0.67

0

1996-1997

2

0.60

0

1997-1998

8

2.41

1

0.30

1998-1999

0

1999-2000

0

2000-2001

1

0.28

0

2001-2002

5

1.43

0

2002-2003

9

2.43

0

2003-2004

5

1.37

1

0.27

2004-2005

6

1.60

0

2005-2006

4

1.06

1

0.27

2006-2007

5

1.30

0

2007-2008

6

1.52

0

2008-2009

5

1.24

1

0.25

2009-2010

5

1.21

4

0.97

2010-2011

10

2.37

2

0.47

2011-2012

4

0.93

1

0.23

2012-2013

8

1.80

7

1.57

2013-2014

7

1.54

2

0.44

2014-2015

5

1.08

10

2.15

2015-2016

4

0.84

8

1.69

2016-2017

3

0.62

2

0.41

2017-2018

5

1.03

21

4.31

2018-2019

3

0.61

13

2.64

2019-2020

10

2.02

5

1.01

2020-2021

1

0.20

5

1.00

2021-2022

2

0.40

3

0.60

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 29

Table 9a: Rate of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by level and severity by sport:

High school 1982/83 to 2021/22

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

BASEBALL

Male

17

0.09

21

0.12

31

0.17

BASKETBALL

Female

0

3

0.02

4

0.02

Male

1

0.00

4

0.02

12

0.06

CHEERLEADING

Female

1

0.03

24

0.82

44

1.50

Male

0

1

1.36

1

1.36

CROSS COUNTRY

Female

2

0.03

0

1

0.02

Male

3

0.04

2

0.03

0

FIELD HOCKEY

Female

0

1

0.04

0

FOOTBALL

Male

146

0.36

424

1.06

437

1.09

GOLF

Male

0

1

0.02

GYMNASTICS

Female

0

7

0.78

5

0.56

Male

1

0.80

2

1.61

1

0.80

ICE HOCKEY

Female

0

1

0.50

2

1.00

Male

5

0.41

14

1.15

13

1.07

LACROSSE

Female

0

2

0.11

Male

2

0.09

7

0.30

14

0.60

SKIING

Female

1

0.30

0

SOCCER

Female

2

0.02

1

0.01

6

0.06

Male

7

0.05

2

0.02

9

0.07

SOFTBALL

Female

0

1

0.01

6

0.04

SWIMMING

Female

0

5

0.10

2

0.04

Male

1

0.02

6

0.14

3

0.07

TRACK AND FIELD

Female

3

0.02

2

0.01

7

0.04

Male

23

0.10

17

0.08

15

0.07

VOLLEYBALL

Male

0

1

0.07

0

WRESTLING

Female

0

1

0.39

0

Male

3

0.03

41

0.42

27

0.28

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution. High school cheerleading

participation is estimated from NFHS competitive spirit participation and many schools have cheerleading

programs that are not sponsored by NFHS. Therefore, high school cheerleading participation is an

underestimate leading to an overestimate in the rate.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 30

Table 9b: Rate of Traumatic (direct) catastrophic injuries by level and severity by sport:

College 1982/83 to 2021/22

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

BASEBALL

Male

3

0.28

7

0.65

9

0.83

BASKETBALL

Female

0

1

0.18

Male

1

0.16

1

0.16

9

1.44

EQUESTRIAN

Female

1

3.43

0

FIELD HOCKEY

Female

0

2

0.91

FOOTBALL

Male

17

0.72

54

2.29

155

6.56

GYMNASTICS

Female

1

1.65

2

3.30

0

Male

0

1

4.77

2

9.55

ICE HOCKEY

Female

0

1

2.11

Male

0

5

3.18

7

4.45

LACROSSE

Female

0

2

0.81

0

Male

4

1.24

1

0.31

2

0.62

ROWING

Male

1

1.16

0

SKIING

Female

1

5.16

1

5.16

0

Male

1

4.21

0

SOCCER

Female

0

2

0.30

4

0.59

Male

0

1

0.14

3

0.41

SOFTBALL

Female

0

4

0.68

SWIMMING

Male

0

1

0.30

0

TRACK AND FIELD

Female

0

1

0.07

1

0.07

Male

7

0.42

6

0.36

7

0.42

WRESTLING

Male

0

2

0.72

1

0.36

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution. Cheerleading is not a sponsored

sport for NCAA collegiate athletes, therefore rates not provided.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 31

Table 10a: Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by level and severity: High

school 1982/83 to 2021/22

Fatal

Non-fatal

Serious

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

BASEBALL

Male

21

0.12

0

11

0.06

BASKETBALL

Female

18

0.11

0

5

0.03

Male

150

0.70

0

50

0.23

CHEERLEADING

Female

8

0.27

0

4

0.14

CROSS COUNTRY

Female

11

0.17

0

5

0.08

Male

24

0.31

0

7

0.09

FIELD HOCKEY

Female

3

0.13

0

1

0.04

FOOTBALL

Male

270

0.67

3

0.01

62

0.15

ICE HOCKEY

Male

5

0.41

0

3

0.25

LACROSSE

Female

1

0.06

0

Male

10

0.43

0

2

0.09

ROWING

Female

1

1.36

0

Male

0

1

1.51

SOCCER

Female

11

0.11

0

3

0.03

Male

32

0.24

1

0.01

12

0.09

SOFTBALL

Female

1

0.01

0

2

0.01

SWIMMING

Female

9

0.17

0

2

0.04

Male

8

0.19

0

1

0.02

TENNIS

Female

2

0.03

0

Male

4

0.07

0

1

0.02

TRACK AND FIELD

Female

7

0.04

1

0.01

1

0.01

Male

42

0.19

0

10

0.04

VOLLEYBALL

Female

3

0.02

0

4

0.03

WRESTLING

Male

31

0.32

0

9

0.09

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution. High school cheerleading

participation is estimated from NFHS competitive spirit participation and many schools have cheerleading

programs that are not sponsored by NFHS. Therefore, high school cheerleading participation is an

underestimate leading to an overestimate in the rate.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 32

Table 10b: Exertional/medical (indirect) catastrophic conditions by level and severity:

College 1982/83 to 2021/22

Fatal

Serious

N

Rate

per

100,000

N

Rate

per

100,000

BASEBALL

Male

8

0.74

2

0.19

BASKETBALL

Female

5

0.91

3

0.54

Male

42

6.73

21

3.36

CROSS COUNTRY

Female

1

0.22

0

Male

2

0.43

2

0.43

FIELD HOCKEY

Female

0

1

0.46

FOOTBALL

Male

74

3.13

25

1.06

GYMNASTICS

Female

1

1.65

0

ICE HOCKEY

Male

1

0.64

3

1.91

LACROSSE

Female

0

6

2.44

Male

2

0.62

1

0.31

ROWING

Male

2

2.31

0

SKIING

Male

1

4.21

0

SOCCER

Female

3

0.45

1

0.15

Male

6

0.81

3

0.41

SOFTBALL

Female

0

1

0.17

SWIMMING

Female

3

0.74

1

0.25

Male

9

2.70

1

0.30

TENNIS

Female

1

0.31

0

Male

1

0.32

0

TRACK AND FIELD

Female

0

1

0.07

Male

2

0.12

4

0.24

VOLLEYBALL

Female

2

0.38

10

1.91

WATER POLO

Male

2

5.03

0

WRESTLING

Male

7

2.54

4

1.45

Note: Rates with number of incidents less than 5 should be interpreted with caution. Cheerleading is not a sponsored

sport for NCAA collegiate athletes, therefore rates not provided.

without express written permission.

NCCSIR All Sport Report 1982/83-2021/22 33

Table 11: Characteristics of all sport-related catastrophic traumatic injuries (direct) and

exertional/medical conditions (indirect) during AY 2021-2022

Direct

Indirect

All

N

%

N

%

N

%

Total

33

100.0%

32

100.0%

65

100.0%

Sport Level

Collegiate/University

5

15.2%

4

12.5%

9

13.8%

High School Sponsored

28

84.8%

28

87.5%

56

86.2%

Severity

Serious

20

60.6%

13

40.6%

33

50.8%

Non-fatal

3

9.1%

0

3

4.6%

Fatal

6

18.2%

18

56.3%

24

36.9%

Unknown

4

12.1%

1

3.1%

5

7.7%

Sex

Female

1

3.0%

3

9.4%

4

6.2%

Male

32

97.0%

29

90.6%

61

93.8%

Month

Jul-Aug

5

15.2%

11

34.4%

16

24.6%

Sep-Oct

18

54.5%

6

18.8%

24

36.9%

Nov-Dec

4

12.1%

6

18.8%

10

15.4%

Jan-Feb

2

6.1%

3

9.4%

5

7.7%

Mar-Apr

3

9.1%

3

9.4%

6

9.2%

May-Jun

1

3.0%

3

9.4%

4

6.2%

Sport

Baseball

1

3.0%

2

6.3%

3

4.6%

Basketball

0

11

34.4%

11

16.9%

Cross Country

1

3.0%

1

3.1%

2

3.1%

Football

21

63.6%

13

40.6%

34

52.3%

Ice Hockey

2

6.1%

0

2

3.1%

Lacrosse

1

3.0%

0

1

1.5%

Soccer

2

6.1%

1

3.1%

3

4.6%

Softball

0

1

3.1%

1

1.5%

Track and Field

2

6.1%

2

6.3%

4

6.2%

Wrestling

3

9.1%

1

3.1%

4

6.2%