Culture Communicates: US Diplomacy That Works 167
42. Arts and Minds, p. 39.
43. George F. Kennan, ‘International Exchange in the Arts’, Perspectives USA, no.
16, 1956, pp. 6–14, cited in Barghoorn, The Soviet Cultural Offensive, p. 342.
44. Aguilar, Cultural Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, p. 54.
45. Arts and Minds, p. 33.
46. Arts and Minds, p. 38.
47. Margaret J. Wyszomirski, Christopher Burgess and Catherine Peila, Interna-
tional Cultural Relations: A Multi-Country Comparison (Washington DC:
Arts International and Center for Arts and Culture, 2003), p. 24; see
www.artsinternational.org and www.culturalpolicy.org.
48. Wyszomirski, Burgess and Peila, International Cultural Relations, Table 2, p. 3.
49. Joseph S. Nye, ‘Today, It’s a Question of Whose Story Wins’, latimes.com, 21
July 2004.
50. Christopher Marquis, ‘US Image Abroad Will Take Years to Repair, Official
Testifies’, New York Times, 5 February 2004.
51. Wyszomirski, Burgess and Peila, International Cultural Relations, p. 24.
52. Wyszomirski, Burgess and Peila, International Cultural Relations, pp. 24–5.
53. Letter from Edmund Gullion to Frank Stanton, in International Information,
Education and Cultural Relations, p. 81.
54. Oral communication, March 2003.
55. Cynthia P. Schneider, Diplomacy that Works: ‘Best Practices’ in Cultural Diplo-
macy (Washington DC: Center for Arts and Culture, 2003),
www.culturalpolicy.org.
56. Pew Research Center, America’s Image Further Erodes, Europeans Want Weaker
Ties, 18 March 2003, pp. 1–2, http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?
ReportID=175.
57. Pew Research Center, Views of a Changing World 2003, 3 June 2003, pp.1–2,
http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=185.
58. Pew Research Center, Views of a Changing World 2003, p. 5.
59. Delinda C. Hanley, ‘Secretary’s Open Forum Examines Public Diplomacy’,
Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, January/February 2004, vol. 23,
pp. 75–6.
60. Carl Weiser, ‘Report Lists Public Diplomacy Failures’, USA Today, 16 September
2003, p. 13a; and John A. Paden, ‘America Slams the Door (on its Foot)’, Foreign
Affairs, May/June 2003, vol. 82, pp. 8–15.
61. Richard Lugar, Opening Statement on Public Diplomacy and Islam, Senate Foreign
Relations Committee Press Release, 27 February 2003, p. 2.
62. Christopher Marquis, ‘US Image Abroad Will Take Years to Repair’, New York
Times, 4 February 2004.
63. Information on performances from Karen L. Perez and Joe Merante Bureau
of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Department of State; and correspond-
ence with Joe Merante, 29 June 2004. See also Wyszomirski, Burgess and
Peila, International Cultural Relations, Table 2, pp. 3–5. On radio and TV, see
Peter Slevin, ‘Changes in US Diplomacy Sought: Efforts to Influence Islamic
World Inadequate, Panel Says’, Washington Post, 2 October 2003, p. A16.
64. Wyszomirski, Burgess and Peila,
International Cultural Relations, Table 2, pp. 3–5.
65. Paden, ‘America Slams the Door (on its Foot)’.
66. See www.radiosawa.com/english; Michael Dobbs, ‘America’s Arab Voice:
Radio Sawa Struggles to Make Itself Heard’, The Washington Post, 24 March