Analytics Project
Implementation Guide
June 2024
OPI Analytics Project Implementation Guide
Last Updated: June 2024
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Table of Contents
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO OPI ANALYTICS ............................................................... 2
1.1 Office of Payment Integrity Background ......................................................................... 2
1.2 OPI Analytics Services..................................................................................................... 2
1.3 What Types of Analyses Does OPI Analytics Provide? .................................................. 3
1.4 What Types of Customers Partner with OPI Analytics? .................................................. 3
1.5 How to Request a Project from OPI Analytics ................................................................ 3
SECTION 2: DATA SOURCES .................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Use of Data Sources in Analytics Projects ............................................................................ 4
2.2 Federal Customers and State Customers Available Data Sources List Comparison ............ 4
SECTION 3: PROJECT TIMELINE AND OVERVIEW .............................................................. 6
3.1 Roles and Responsibilities .................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Meetings to Expect ................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Governance Process Customer Acknowledgement Form ................................................ 10
3.4 Data Discussion ................................................................................................................... 10
3.5 Project Execution ................................................................................................................ 12
3.6 Feedback .............................................................................................................................. 12
SECTION 4: PROJECT GOVERNANCE ................................................................................... 13
4.1 Federal Customers Customer Acknowledgement Form .................................................. 13
4.2 State Customers Customer Acknowledgement Form ...................................................... 14
APPENDIX A: Data Source Descriptions .................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX B: File Transfer Form............................................................................................... 18
APPENDIX C: File Specifications for Analytics Projects ........................................................... 20
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO OPI ANALYTICS
1.1 Office of Payment Integrity Background
In 2023, The Bureau of the Fiscal Service (Fiscal Service) merged the Do Not Pay (DNP)
Business Center and the Payment Integrity Center of Excellence (PICOE) into the Office of
Payment Integrity (OPI). OPI provides actionable business insights and solutions under one
umbrella to identify and prevent fraud and improper payments in federal and federally funded,
state-administered programs.
OPI is a no cost resource for federal agencies and federally funded, state-administered
programs.
OPI offers customized data analysis to help agencies detect fraud, waste, and abuse as
well as strengthen internal controls.
OPI has a dedicated team that works with agencies to determine and target the best
solutions and data sources to meet program needs for combating improper payments and
fraud.
Agencies can use OPI to help make payment eligibility decisions at any time during the
payment lifecycle, for example, during pre-award and pre-payment eligibility
verification.
1.2 OPI Analytics Services
OPI Analytics provides custom analyses to meet customers’ business needs. OPI’s analytics
services come at no cost to the customer.
OPI conducts analytics projects to:
identify payees, individuals, and vendors who are ineligible to receive federal and state
benefits;
detect data quality issues and process improvements in areas where internal controls are
not effectively preventing improper payments;
carry out other custom analyses which are tailored to the customer’s business problems
and business rules; and
identify common customer challenges which allow us to craft offerings to meet those
needs.
The Analytics team is comprised of data analysts and data scientists, who are experts in complex
analyses and data wrangling. The analytics team includes analytics consultants who serve as
liaisons between the customer and the project team to ensure that the analysis conducted is
exactly aligned to the customer’s expectations. Analytics projects conducted by OPI are
centered on a customer’s data set. The Analytics team uses the customers data in conjunction
with the data sources available to OPI to generate analytics results and report actionable findings.
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1.3 What Types of Analyses Does OPI Analytics Provide?
OPI Analytics conducts a variety of projects that are related to the identification of improper
payments and fraud. Recent projects have included the following types of analyses:
Vendor and individual eligibility verification
Deceased payee analysis
Data quality and integrity checks
Business risk assessment
Payment accuracy
Vendor consolidation
Cross-agency analysis
Ad-hoc analysis and custom analytics research
1.4 What Types of Customers Partner with OPI Analytics?
OPI Analytics conducts analytics projects for the following entities and initiatives:
Federal agencies
Federal oversight groups
Federally funded, state-administered programs
State oversight groups
Enterprise customers
1.5 How to Request a Project from OPI Analytics
To engage in an analytics project with OPI Analytics, please contact your Agency Lead/Agency
Specialist or email the OPI Mailbox at [email protected].
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SECTION 2: DATA SOURCES
2.1 Use of Data Sources in Analytics Projects
OPI’s analytics projects use a wide range of data sources to meet customers’ needs. The data
sources available to OPI include information on death, payment recipient eligibility, debarment,
delinquent federal debts, and payment information. OPI leverages the information within these
data sources in combination with the data provided by the customer to identify improper
payments and other project goals. Many of the data sources available to OPI provide an
indication of a payment recipients eligibility. For example, if a payment recipient was identified
on a data source as “deceased,” then a payment made to that individual is potentially improper.
OPI also uses the information in the available data to conduct a variety of other types of analyses
for customers such as business risk assessments, cross-government analysis, and network
analysis.
2.2 Federal Customers and State Customers Available Data Sources List
Comparison
Below are the data sources currently offered for inclusion in OPI Analytics projects. Federal
customers’ available data sources are shown with a checkmark in the first checkbox column;
state customers are shown in the second checkbox column. (For a detailed description of each
data source, see Appendix A.)
Data Sources
Available to
Federal
Customers
Available to
State
Customers
Death Data Sources
Death Master File-Full (DMF-Full)
American InfoSource (AIS) Probate
American InfoSource (AIS) Obituary
Department of Defense (DoD) Death Data
Department of State (DoS) Death Data
Electronic Verification of Vital Events Fact of
Death (EVVE FOD)
Payments, Claims, and Enhanced Reconciliation
(PACER) Death Data
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Data Sources
Available to
Federal
Customers
Available to
State
Customers
Eligibility Data Sources
System for Award Management (SAM) Entity
Registration Records, Public
System for Award Management (SAM) Entity
Registration Records, Restricted
IRS Tax Exempt Organization Search
Publication 78 (PUB78)
IRS Tax Exempt Organization Search Automatic
Revocation List (ARL)
IRS Tax Exempt Organization Search
990-N (e-Postcard)
Debarment Data Sources
System for Award Management (SAM) Exclusion
Records, Public
System for Award Management (SAM) Exclusion
Records, Restricted
List of Excluded Individual and Entities (LEIE),
Public
List of Excluded Individual and Entities (LEIE),
Restricted
Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)
Delinquent Debtor Data Sources
Treasury Offset Program (TOP) Debt Check,
Restricted
Credit Alert System (CAIVRS) - Input from
Veterans Affairs (VA)
Credit Alert System (CAIVRS) - Input from Small
Business Administration (SBA)
Credit Alert System (CAIVRS) - Input from
Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Credit Alert System (CAIVRS) - Input from
Department of Justice (DOJ)
Credit Alert System (CAIVRS) - Input from U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Payment Data Sources
Payment Automation Manager (PAM) Payment
Data
Payments, Claims, and Enhanced Reconciliation
(PACER) Payment Data
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SECTION 3: PROJECT TIMELINE AND OVERVIEW
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3.1 Roles and Responsibilities
Undertaking an analytics project requires committed action from both the customer and OPI.
The success of an analytics project depends on the follow-through of OPI and the customer to
meet their respective responsibilities.
The roles and responsibilities during a project engagement are outlined below.
Roles and Responsibilities of OPI Analytics
Roles and Responsibilities of Customer
Creating the governance form that is required to
engage in requested analyses
Getting internal legal, privacy, and leadership
approval for the form
Guiding the customer through the data intake and
data transfer processes
Meeting with the customer to discuss any
business rule or data questions
Executing the analysis and delivery of project
results
Following up with the customer to ensure full
understanding of the project’s results and to
address all questions regarding the analyses.
Providing OPI Analytics comprehensive
understanding of the background of the
analytics project request as well as any
applicable business rules
Approving the governance form with all
applicable internal parties
Providing required information/testing to
establish a secure data transfer connection
Providing all necessary data to OPI Analytics
Answering questions from OPI that may arise
about the data or business processes while the
project team is in execution
Providing feedback on the final deliverable
and project results within 120 days of project
delivery
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3.2 Meetings to Expect
Analytics projects include several meetings between the customer and OPI, from project intake
to project feedback. Outlined below is a list of the different types of meetings that can occur
over the course of an analytics project engagement with OPI.
Project Intake:
o Purpose to familiarize the project requestor with OPI Analytics, provide an
overview of our analytics capabilities, and to determine whether an OPI Analytics
project can assist the requestor with their business problem.
o Customer participants to include personnel who will be using the results, and
personnel in a leadership role who will be approving the project under discussion.
Project Scoping:
o Purpose to further understand the customer’s business problems, business rules,
and the determine the type of analysis needed.
o Customer participants to include personnel who will be using the results,
personnel in leadership role who will be approving of the project taking place, and
data experts.
Data Discussion:
o Purpose to understand the customer’s data that will be used for the analytics
project, including any nuances of the data. During this meeting, critical data
elements necessary for the analysis are identified and discussed. Additionally,
instructions for the data transfer are provided at this meeting.
o Customer participants to include personnel who are experts in the dataset which
will be used, personnel who will be accessing the data transfer connection and
transferring the required data to OPI, and personnel who will be using the results
of the analysis.
Project Kick-off:
o Purpose to allow the analytics team executing the project to ask any initial
questions that have arisen during project preparations. This meeting also provides
the customer with an idea of the final deliverable.
o Customer participants to include personnel who will be using the project’s
results and data experts.
Project Touch-bases:
o Purpose to meet on a set cadence throughout project execution to verify that the
project team is on the right track and to allow the team to ask the customer any
questions that may have come up during project execution. The meeting cadence
will be set at the beginning of project execution and will be agreed upon between
OPI Analytics and the customer.
o Customer participants to include personnel who will be using the project’s
results and data experts.
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Project Delivery:
o Purpose to allow OPI Analytics to present the final analysis to the customer and
to answer any initial questions that the customer may have about the analysis or
its findings.
o Customer participants to include personnel who will be using the project’s
results, personnel in a leadership role who may be involved with any business
changes as a result of the analysis, and data experts.
Project Feedback:
o Purpose to allow OPI Analytics to talk to the customer about the project
feedback. This discussion may include how the analysis has influenced their
business processes, as well as the volume of improper payments that the analysis
helped identify and/or stop.
o Customer participants to include personnel who will be using the project’s
results.
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3.3 Governance Process Customer Acknowledgement Form
OPI analytics projects must abide by a governance process that is aligned with the privacy and
legal considerations associated with matching to and sending a customer’s data. A governance
form called the Customer Acknowledgement Form is drafted by OPI for each analytics project.
A project’s governance form serves as a project authorization document and provides specific
information about the proposed analytics project including project description, data sources
matched to, how the project results and data will be used, and other essential information about
the analytics project. The governance form is different for federal partners vs. state partners (see
Governance section below for examples).
Governance Signatories:
o FRB STL Analytics Senior Manager
o Fiscal Service Legal
o OPI Privacy
o OPI Analytics Advisor
o OPI Customer Engagement & Support Branch Manager
o OPI Privacy & Technology Branch Manager
o OPI Director
o Payment Management Director/other Payment Management signatory (if
applicable)
o CAIVRS/TOP approval (if those data sources are included in the scope of the
analytics project)
After the Customer Acknowledgement Form is approved by all applicable internal parties, it is
sent to the partnering agency or state for digital signature. The document must be signed by the
customer prior to the project starting and data being shared. The agency or state can appoint
their own signatory, with the expectation that the individual signing the Acknowledgment Form
has proper authority and has consulted relevant legal and privacy authorities within their
organization.
3.4 Data Discussion
Before the project commences, OPI Analytics will meet with the partnering organization for a
data call to better understand the customer’s dataset. During this call, OPI will:
walk through the steps for setting up a secure data transfer connection,
give details on file specifications,
discuss data fields preferred for the analysis.
Any personnel who will be extracting the data and/or transferring the data to OPI, and any data
experts who can answer questions about the requested data should be included in this call.
Once the Customer Acknowledgement Form has been approved by all OPI signatories and the
customer, the customer’s dataset may be transferred to OPI.
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3.4.1. Data Transfer Secure File Transfer Set-up
The most common method OPI Analytics uses to receive data and send completed analyses is
through a Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) connection. To begin the process of setting up a
SFTP connection, the customer will fill out an Analytics File Transfer Form (see appendix B).
Once this form is completed and submitted, OPI’s Project Manager will contact the partnering
organization to request the required information for setting up the SFTP connection. The
requested information should not be given through email and needs to be given via a telephone
call.
The following information is required for each person who will need access to the SFTP
connection:
Full Name
IP Address
Phone Number
Email Address
For SFTP, the agency will use a client to connect to the Bureau of the Fiscal Service (BFS) SFTP
server. If an agency does not already have an internal SFTP client, WinSCP is a free and
supported option.
3.4.2 Data Transfer Secure File Transfer Testing
Once this information is given to OPI’s Project Manager, the SFTP connection will be created
for the customer. The OPI Project Manager will contact the partnering organization with
instructions to test the connection. When sending a test file, put “.TST” or “.TEST” at the end of
the file to indicate it is a test file. When sending files to OPI, put them in the Inbound folder. If
OPI is sending you files, they will be located in the Outbound folder.
3.4.3 Data Transfer - Data Specifications
Below are the preferred general file specifications for OPI Analytics. See Appendix C File
Specifications for Analytics Projects for more detailed information. Adhering to these
specifications allows for a quicker data loading and cleaning process. However, not being able
to provide data in the requested format is not prohibitive to engaging in a project with OPI
Analytics.
When submitting data, OPI Analytics requests that partnering organizations:
submit their data in a CSV Pipe Delimited file,
do not submit non-ASCII characters,
prepare and submit a data dictionary with their data file, which includes field names, a
definition for each field, the data type of each field, and any other pertinent information
about the data file.
The project team needs several days with the data to allow time to load, clean, format, and
familiarize themselves with the data. Due to this, data should be sent to OPI at least a week
prior to the project execution start date. This date will be communicated to the customer once
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the Customer Acknowledgement Form is signed by all parties and the project has been scheduled
on the OPI Analytics Roadmap.
3.5 Project Execution
Once the Customer Acknowledgement Form has been approved by internal OPI signatories and
the customer, the project will be put on OPI’s backlog and put on the roadmap for kick-off with
the next available project team. OPI Analytics works in an Agile format, which is comprised of
two-week sprints. At the project kick-off meeting, OPI Analytics will provide an estimated
project completion date based on how many sprints the project is expected to take. This estimate
is subject to change. If the estimated time is extended or shortened, OPI will notify the customer
of this change.
OPI Analytics will meet with the partnering organization throughout project execution for touch-
base meetings to make sure the project is on track and to ask any questions that come up during
execution. The customer’s data experts who can answer any data-related questions and program
personnel who are able to answer questions about business rules related to the program are both
helpful participants in these touch-base meetings.
Once the project is completed, the deliverable and results will be uploaded to the SFTP and OPI
Analytics will notify the customer when results are available. After the analysis has been
received by the partnering organization, OPI will schedule a project delivery meeting to discuss
the results of the analysis and answer any questions the customer has.
3.6 Feedback
After project delivery, OPI Analytics requests that the customer provide feedback on the
analytics project results and deliverable within 120 days of results delivery. This feedback is
critical and enables OPI to improve future analyses and better understand the customer’s
business processes and rules.
Some key metrics that OPI Analytics would like feedback on include but are not limited to:
the actual or projected number and dollar amount of improper payments identified and/or
prevented,
costs avoided or projected to be avoided through process improvements or other results
of the analytics project (including savings from centralizing processes by the decision to
access the DNP Portal),
other direct or indirect benefits flowing from the project.
The timeframe for providing feedback can be extended by mutual written agreement of OPI and
the customer.
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SECTION 4: PROJECT GOVERNANCE
4.1 Federal Customers Customer Acknowledgement Form
The Customer Acknowledgment Form for federal customers will include:
a high-level description of the purpose of the work to be carried out
a description of the project deliverable(s) which will be provided at project
completion, including what types of analyses will be performed
a description of the privacy implications related to the project and possible limitations
on how the results can be legally used,
a description of the feedback policy, which states that the customer will provide
feedback within 120 days of delivery of the results in order to maintain access to OPI
Data Analytic Services,
a list of all data sources that will be used to match against customer data, and an
approval section that spells out any data source agreements discussed,
a section that notes the System of Records Notice (SORN) that covers the data that
will be in the project engagement
o For this section to be completed, the customer must provide the Analytics
team with the applicable SORN and routine use that allows for the analytics
engagement to be completed.
an example of this requested information is shown here:
The data that SIGPR will provide for matching purposes will come from the following two
data systems:
o Treasury .015 - General Information Technology Access Account Records
The data system is covered by system of records notice at:
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/11/17/2020-25298/privacy-act-of-
1974-system-of-records
The following routine use of the SORN applies: To an agency or organization for
the purpose of performing audit or oversight operations as authorized by law, but
only such information as is necessary and relevant to such audit or oversight
function.
o Treasury .017 Correspondence and Contact Information
The data system is covered by system of records notice at:
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/11/07/2016-26662/privacy-act-of-
1974-systems-of-records
The following routine use of the SORN applies: To an agency or organization for the
purpose of performing audit or oversight operations as authorized by law, but only
such information as is necessary and relevant to such audit or oversight function.
the next section will contain a determination on whether a Computer Matching
Agreement (CMA) will be required for the engagement; if so, OPI will notify the
customer and begin the process of obtaining one.
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4.2 State Customers Customer Acknowledgement Form
The Customer Acknowledgment Form for state customers will include:
a high-level description of the purpose of the work to be carried out
a description of the project deliverable(s) which will be provided at project
completion, including what types of analyses will be performed
a description of the privacy implications related to the project and possible limitations
on how the results can be legally used
a description of the feedback policy, which states that the customer will provide
feedback within 120 days of delivery of the results in order to maintain access to OPI
Data Analytic Services
a list of all data sources that will be used to match against customer data, and an
approval section that spells out any data source agreements discussed
a Data Governing Statutes section that documents the customer agreement to allow
the Analytics team to use their data for the stated purposes of the engagement
o For this section to be completed, the customer must provide the Analytics
team with the applicable statutes that cover the data to be used in the
engagement.
o The statute should indicate that the customer has the authority to subpoena
and send data to OPI.
an example of this requested information is shown here:
Georgia law (O.C.G.A. 50-6-29)
o GA Department of Audits :: Performance Audits: “the state auditor is empowered to
conduct hearings, to summon witnesses, to administer oaths, to take the testimony of
such witnesses, and to compel the production, inspection, and copying of
documentary evidence, including without limitation evidence in electronic form and
documentary evidence that is confidential or not available to the general public, at
such time and place as he or she may designate for the purpose of investigating and
determining the conduct and record of the employees and officials of any department
of the state government.”
the next section will contain a determination on whether a Computer Matching
Agreement (CMA) will be required for the engagement; if so, OPI will notify the
customer and begin the process of obtaining one.
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APPENDIX A: Data Source Descriptions
A.1 Death Data Sources
Data Source
Owner
Description
American InfoSource
(AIS) Commercial
AIS
Contains obituary and probate information on deceased individuals obtained from over
3,000 funeral homes, thousands of newspapers, and county-level probate records
Death Master File-Full
(DMF-Full)
SSA
Contains records of deaths reported to the Social Security Administration (SSA). The
deaths reported to SSA come from many sources, including family members, funeral
homes, financial institutions, postal authorities, state information, and other federal
agencies. Does contain vital death records from states.
Department of Defense
Death Data Public
DOD
Contains information on active-duty U.S. military and Reserves regarding confirmed or
presumed deaths
Department of State
Death Data Public
DOS
Contains records of American Citizens who are deceased or presumed deceased while
abroad, as reported by U.S. embassies or consulates upon its receipt of a foreign death
certificate or finding of death by a local competent authority
Electronic Verification
of Vital Events Fact of
Death (EVVE FOD)
NAPHSIS
Contains information about death certificates contained within the vital records
databases of participating states and jurisdictions
Payments, Claims, and
Enhanced
Reconciliations
(PACER)
Fiscal
Service
Contains records of payments made on behalf of the federal government and
information on any action taken after a payment has been disbursed; this may include
offset activities, disputes, or reclamation, and return of funds due to a death
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A.2 Eligibility and Debarment Data Sources
Data Source
Owner
Description
IRS Automatic
Revocation of
Exemption List (ARL)
Public
IRS
Contains entities that have their tax-exempt status automatically revoked under the law
because they have not filed Form 990 series returns or notices annually for three
consecutive years
Publication 78 (PUB78) -
Public
IRS
Lists of organizations that can receive tax-deductible contributions;
Users may rely on this list in determining deductibility of their contributions.
If an organization uses a “doing business as” (DBA) name, that name will not be listed
in the Pub. 78 Data. Only the organization’s official name submitted to the IRS is
included in the data set.
Some donees (i.e., churches, group ruling subordinates, and governmental units) eligible to
receive tax-deductible charitable contributions may not be listed in Pub. 78 Data. For more
information see, Other Eligible Donees
990-N (e-Postcard) -
Public
IRS
Form 990-N 9 (e-Postcard) is an annual electronic notice most small tax-exempt
organizations (annual gross receipts normally $50,000 or less) are eligible to file instead or
Form 990 or Form 990-EZ
List of Excluded
Individuals and Entities
(LEIE) Public &
Restricted
HHS OIG
Contains information regarding individuals and entities currently excluded from
participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and all other federal health care programs
Office of Foreign Assets
Control (OFAC)
Public
Treasury
Contains a list of individuals and companies owned or controlled by, or acting for or on
behalf of, targeted countries; it also lists individuals, groups, and entities, such as terrorists
and narcotics traffickers designated under programs that are not country specific;
collectively, such individuals and companies are called “Specially Designated Nationals” or
“SDNs”; their assets are blocked, and U.S. persons are generally prohibited from doing
business with them
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Data Source
Owner
Description
System for Award
Management (SAM)
Entity Registration
Records Restricted
GSA
Contains entity registration data publicly available under the Freedom of Information Act
for those entities registered in SAM to do business with the federal government in
accordance with the Federal Acquisitions Regulation (FAR)
SAM Exclusion Records
Public & Restricted
GSA
Contains the data for all active exclusion records entered by the federal government
identifying those parties excluded from receiving federal contracts, certain subcontracts,
and federal financial and non-financial assistance and benefits
A.3 Delinquent Debtor Data Sources
Data Source
Owner
Description
Credit Alert System
(CAIVRS) Restricted
DOJ,
HUD,
SBA,
USDA &
VA
Contains information on loan applicants that have any federal debt that is currently in
default or foreclosure or has had a claim paid by the reporting agency within the last three
years;
Although CAIVRS may not identify all federal “delinquent debt” or “prior losses,” it is a
valuable resource for “delinquent debt”
Treasury Offset Program
(TOP) Debt Check
Restricted
Treasury
Contains data on individuals who are delinquent on non-tax debts and child support
obligations to the federal government (and participating states) if allowed by agency statute
and regulations
A.4 Payment Data Sources
Data Source
Owner
Description
Payments, Claims, and
Enhanced Reconciliations
(PACER)
Fiscal
Service
Contains records of payments made on behalf of the federal government and information on
any action taken after a payment has been disbursed; this may include offset activities,
disputes, or reclamation, and return of funds due to a death
Payment Automation
Manager (PAM)
Fiscal
Service
Contains records of ACH, check, and wire disbursements to entities that were made through
the Payment Automation Manager payment processing system
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APPENDIX B: File Transfer Form
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*Please note: The HTTPS option, MoveIT, is not available for secure file transmission as of June 2023.*
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APPENDIX C: File Specifications for Analytics Projects
Preferred File Extensions
.csv
.txt
.txt.gpg
.gz
.gpg
Accepted File Formats
Plain text
Encrypted plain text
Encrypted compressed plain text file
Accepted File Delimiters
CSV
Tab
Pipe
Common Issues that will Cause File Problems
Double delimiters
Delimiters within field values, or delimiters that are in an unquoted text field
Example of quoted file sample record: 12.501122334455│“ANTHONY MARTIN│AKA TONY
MARTIN”
Load result would be 3 columns as shown below, including the Column Type in parentheses
Column 1 = 12.50 (Numeric)
Column 2 = 1122334455 (Numeric)
Column 3 = ANTHONY MARTIN│AKA TONY MARTIN (Text)
Example of unquoted file sample record: 12.50│1122334455│ANTHONY MARTIN│AKA TONY
MARTIN
Load result would be 4 columns as shown below:
Column 1 = 12.50 (Numeric)
Column 2 = 1122334455 (Numeric)
Column 3 = ANTHONY MARTIN (Text)
Column 4 = AKA TONY MARTIN (Text)
Any delimiter with more than one character column (e.g., “~*”)
Leading zeros dropped when importing into Excel
Numbers being converted to scientific notation in field values
Double quotes inside of double quoted fields
Non-printing characters or non-ASCII characters/symbols in the dataset