PERFORMANCE
Start a Chain Reaction
Try this project if you like surprises! First, make
sure everyone in the class has a list of subordi-
nating conjunctions and relative pronouns. Then,
you start the ball rolling by giving one classmate
an independent clause. He or she adds on a sub-
ordinate clause and passes on the sentence to the
next person. When the last person adds a clause,
you’ll have an incredibly long sentence that will
probably be a very strange and funny story. You
can do this project aloud or by passing around a
sheet of paper. If you do the project on paper, be
sure to read the story to the class.
REPRESENTING
Decisions, Decisions
Make a flowchart showing the process of decid-
ing whether a word group is a phrase or an inde-
pendent or a subordinate clause. Naturally,
you’ll have steps for finding the subject and the
verb. You’ll want a step for determining whether
the word group is a complete thought, too.
Neatly transfer your flowchart to poster board.
Feel free to jazz up your chart with colors and
designs.
ORIGINAL PROJECTS
Have It Your Way
Create a project of your own. Write and teach a
marching song about clauses to the class. Write a
monologue composed only of subordinate
clauses, such as If only I had. . . . Look up the ety-
mology and definitions of the word clause, and
report what you learn. Find out what the legal
term clause means. Color-code the adverb and
adjective clauses in a page of writing. Cut up
some complex sentences into clauses, and ask
your classmates to put them back together. Be
sure to get your teacher’s approval before start-
ing your project.
MUSIC
If I Had the Wings of an Angel
Subordinating conjunctions begin many popu-
lar songs. Compile a list of opening lines that
begin with a subordinating conjunction, and
post the list in the classroom. Be sure to under-
line each subordinate clause and highlight each
subordinating conjunction.
REPRESENTING
Around and Around We Go
Show your classmates how adverb clauses can
often be moved from the end of a sentence to the
beginning or vice versa. Write a sentence that
includes two parts: an independent clause and an
adverb clause. Using all lowercase letters and no
punctuation, write or print out several copies of
each clause. Cut out each clause so it is on its own
strip of paper. Then, tape the strips together, alter-
nating your two clauses. Ta-da! You have an end-
less statement that makes sense, no matter which
clause comes first. Give two copies of each clause
to your classmates, and ask them to capitalize and
punctuate both possible versions of the sentence.
DRAMA
He Said, She Said
Write a dialogue between two people who are
deciding where to go on Saturday night. One
speaks only in independent clauses; the other
speaks only in subordinate clauses. Videotape
your dialogue, or perform it for the class.
MATHEMATICS
One Times One Plus One
Forge a connection between mathematical claus-
es and grammatical clauses. Plan and conduct a
short seminar in mathematical clauses. Begin
with an independent clause—a simple equation.
Then, add parenthetical expressions that make
the equation more complex.
Language and Sentence Skills Practice
87
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Choices: Exploring Clauses
The following activities challenge you to find a connection between clauses and the world
around you. Do the activity below that suits your personality best, and then share your dis-
coveries with your class.
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Clauses
A clause is a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as
part of a sentence.
Although every clause contains a subject and a verb, not every clause expresses a complete
thought. Clauses that do are called independent clauses. Clauses that do not are called
subordinate clauses.
EXAMPLES many people will attend the banquet [independent clause]
because many people will attend the banquet [subordinate clause]
Do not mistake a phrase for a clause. A phrase does not contain both a verb and a subject.
PHRASE before the banquet [no verb]
CLAUSE before the banquet began [subject—banquet; verb—began]
PHRASE to decorate the banquet hall today [no subject]
CLAUSE we need to decorate the banquet hall today [subject—we; verb—need]
EXERCISE Decide whether each of the following word groups is or is not a clause. On the line provided,
identify the word group by writing I for independent clause, S for subordinate clause, or N for not a clause.
Example
1.
where the banquet would be held
1.
until the school year is over
2.
until the end of the school year
3.
the school year is over
4.
the arrival of spring
5.
when spring comes
6.
because I prefer warm weather
7.
I prefer warm weather
8.
my preference for warm weather
9.
to win the game this Friday
10.
if we win the game this Friday
11.
whom I have never met
12.
after meeting them
13.
to be a mechanical engineer
someday
GRAMMAR
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14.
she wants to be an engineer
15.
what she wants to be
16.
pleased with their performance
17.
with their performance
18.
was he pleased with their
performance
19.
at the end of the race
20.
before the race ended
21.
the hiding cat
22.
the cat is hiding
23.
when we were happy
24.
happy about the celebration
25.
we were happier then
S
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Independent Clauses
An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a
sentence.
EXAMPLES Harambee is an annual holiday.
Harambee is an annual holiday that many African Americans celebrate.
My cousin Leon, an aspiring artist, enjoys this holiday, for on display at a
Harambee party are works of art that other African Americans have created.
EXERCISE A For each of the following sentences, decide whether or not the clauses, labeled A and B, are
independent clauses. Circle the letter of each independent clause. Hint: One sentence contains more
than one independent clause.
Example 1. (A) Harambee is a Swahili word (B) that means “unity.”
1.
(A) Harambee is celebrated on October 31, (B) which is the same date as Halloween.
2.
(A) As you know, (B) on Halloween many people, especially children, dress in costumes and
go from door to door requesting treats.
3.
(A) Although Halloween is a popular tradition, (B) many African Americans celebrate
Harambee instead.
4.
(A) The originators of this holiday were some African Americans (B) who lived in Dallas,
Texas.
5.
(A) At a Harambee party, families and friends gather to celebrate their culture; (B) they play
music, sing, dance, and discuss the exhibits of artwork.
EXERCISE B Underline each independent clause in the following sentences.
Example 1. Many athletes remember Alice Coachman because she helped break down barriers
for both women and African Americans.
6.
When she was a child, Alice Coachman sneaked away from her chores to play basketball.
7.
While she was at Tuskegee Institute High School in the 1940s, Coachman captured national
track-and-field championships in four events.
8.
As World War II ended, Coachman looked forward to entering international competitions.
9.
The 1948 Olympics were held in London, England, and Alice Coachman was there.
10.
Winning first place in the high jump was a feat that won her recognition as the first African
American woman to win an Olympic gold medal.
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Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by
itself as a sentence.
Although every clause contains a subject and a verb, not every clause expresses a complete
thought. Generally, clauses that begin with when, whom, because, which, that, if, or until do not
express complete thoughts.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE what we need to repair first
SENTENCE What we need to repair first is the roof.
EXERCISE Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.
Example 1. “Be careful about what you wish for,” warned my aunt Lucy.
1.
After we ate lunch at the Japanese tearoom, we browsed the gift shop for souvenirs.
2.
A monument has been erected at the site where the battle occurred.
3.
Although Beethoven lost his hearing, he continued to compose music.
4.
My friend Malcolm, whose opinion I value highly, recommended this book.
5.
Because I have not seen the movie, please do not tell me about the ending.
6.
Ava gave me a jar of her homemade salsa, which won a blue ribbon at the state fair.
7.
What our guest speaker said sparked a lively discussion.
8.
According to Benjamin Franklin, “Three may keep a secret if two of them are dead.”
9.
The wide receiver was tackled as soon as he caught the pass.
10.
Remind me to take a camera along when we go camping again.
11.
Whether the school can provide new computers depends largely upon the fund-raisers.
12.
The beach was closed to the public because a shark had been sighted.
13.
Soledad attends Stanford University, where she is studying to become a civil engineer.
14.
We searched the Internet for a Web site that would give us information about jogging.
15.
You can invite whomever you want to the Cinco de Mayo party.
16.
If that painting is still for sale, I will buy it.
17.
My cousin Eduardo, whom you will meet at the party, wants to audition for our band.
18.
Today I left soccer practice early so that I would not be late for my dentist appointment.
19.
A technician at the electronics shop told me that my CD player was beyond repair.
20.
Before we left for the airport, we called the airline to confirm the departure time of our flight.
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EXERCISE In each of the following sentences, identify the underlined clause by writing on the line
provided I for independent clause or S for subordinate clause.
Example
1.
Chess, which requires skill and concentration, is a challenging game.
1.
Anyone who wants salad should order it separately.
2.
Bonus points will be awarded to whoever turns in the assignment early.
3.
The puppy that is sitting in the corner seems very shy.
4.
What Dr. Chan said has started to worry me.
5.
Because there are many kinds of burritos, we enjoy having them for dinner once a week.
6.
The tennis player Bjorn Borg, who was a calm player, was called “The Iceman.”
7.
Judy Garland first appeared onstage when she was only five years old.
8.
Do you know whether the media center has any CD-ROMs about volcanoes?
9.
Unless the weather improves, the trail ride will be canceled.
10.
Tomorrow Tamala will give her presentation, which is about opera.
11.
Commercial art is what Russell will study in college.
12.
John Field is the composer whose works Cheryl enjoys performing.
13.
Of course, the award should go to whoever is the most deserving.
14.
Since the prime minister of Canada is giving a speech at the convention center, there
will probably be a parking problem downtown.
15.
After our class, Pedro, Kevin, and I decided that we would go fishing.
16.
As the French army withdrew from Russia in 1813, Napoleon lost 500,000 soldiers.
17.
The mayor refunded the Garzas the money that they had spent to beautify the park.
18.
If you want to pursue a career in music, you should practice more often than you do.
19.
Please give whoever calls this message.
20.
Someone told me that you intend to run for class president.
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Independent and Subordinate Clauses
An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a
sentence.
A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by
itself as a sentence.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE they discovered some unusually large footprints
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE when the explorers returned to their campsite
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Adjective Clauses A
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
An adjective clause usually follows the word or words it modifies and tells what kind or
which one.
EXAMPLES White-water rafting is a sport that you might enjoy. [The adjective clause modifies
the noun sport, telling what kind.]
White-water rafting is a sport you might enjoy. [The relative pronoun that is
omitted.]
This is the site where we will begin our rafting trip. [The adjective clause modifies
site, telling which one.]
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, draw an arrow from the underlined adjective clause to
the word it modifies.
Example
1.
Uncle Theo, who is an experienced rafter, introduced me to the sport.
1.
The head of the river, which lies north of here, contains relatively calm water.
2.
Our guide, whom we know well, showed us photographs of her last rafting trip.
3.
Our guide then showed us a chart of the course we would follow.
4.
The part of the river where we rafted was not too dangerous.
5.
We rode on a raft that my uncle Theo had built.
EXERCISE B Underline the adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow from
the clause to the word it modifies.
Example
1.
A guide who has been carefully trained takes new rafters out.
6.
Areas of the river that can be hazardous are marked on a chart.
7.
You must learn techniques that minimize danger.
8.
Guides who are especially skilled reassure inexperienced people.
9.
Some beginners have spectators take snapshots, which they can enjoy later.
10.
Would you like to see photos of the first time I went rafting?
11.
Some rafters spend hours writing reports that friends will read.
12.
One report, which I particularly enjoyed, described an unexpected onrush of white water.
13.
Everyone who loves a challenge in the outdoors should consider rafting.
14.
Several people whom I respect have recommended the sport to me.
15.
It is a sport that you should try in the company of an experienced guide.
GRAMMAR
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Adjective Clauses B
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
An adjective clause usually follows the word or words it modifies and tells what kind or
which one.
EXAMPLES Is this the medication that you take for your allergies? [The adjective clause
modifies the noun medication, telling which one.]
That was the year when they buried the time capsule. [The adjective clause modi-
fies year, telling which one.]
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, draw an arrow from the underlined adjective clause to
the word it modifies.
Example 1. The chief products that Costa Rica exports are coffee, bananas, and sugar.
1.
I have a friend whose mother is an archaeologist.
2.
James Thurber wrote several amusing stories in a style that resembles that of Aesop’s fables.
3.
Everyone who attended the Fourth of July celebration dressed in red, white, and blue.
4.
The Surgeon General described the health problems that smoking can cause.
5.
The only e-mail message you have is from Mr. Salinger.
EXERCISE B Underline the adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow from
the clause to the word the clause modifies.
Example 1. Where is the user’s guide that came with the VCR?
6.
Komodo dragons, which are indigenous to the jungles of Southeast Asia, are the world’s
largest living lizards.
7.
Today, Uncle Regis, who loves card tricks, taught me a few of them.
8.
The name Chicago is an Algonquian word that means “place of the onion.”
9.
Josh drew this family tree, which shows the history of seven generations of his family.
10.
Carol, who is the new president of the Wilderness Club, has already organized a camping trip.
11.
Who will be responsible for raising the flag on days when you are absent from school?
12.
The Kentucky Derby, which is held on the first Saturday in May, is considered the first jewel in
the Triple Crown of horse racing.
13.
Can you tell me the year the first space shuttle was launched?
14.
Is it a stalactite that extends from the roof of a cave?
15.
Wheat, corn, and sugar beets are among the crops that farmers in Chile grow.
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Relative Pronouns
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
An adjective clause is often introduced by a relative pronoun, which relates the clause to the
word or words the clause modifies.
EXAMPLES Aunt Salma, who has worked hard all her life, is someone for whom I have great
respect. [Who relates to Aunt Salma and functions as the subject of the verb has
worked. Whom relates to someone and functions as the object of the preposition for.]
Uncle Diego, whose recipes should be published, makes the best paella that I have
ever eaten. [Whose relates to Uncle Diego and functions as a possessive pronoun.
That relates to paella and functions as a direct object of the verb have eaten.]
EXERCISE A Underline the adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Then, draw an arrow from
the relative pronoun to the word to which the pronoun relates.
Example 1. One desert animal that is poisonous is the Gila monster.
1.
Those who want to participate in the readathon should sign up in the library.
2.
Did the oak saplings that you planted last spring survive the summer drought?
3.
The pharmacist for whom Allison worked encouraged her to pursue a career in medicine.
4.
Do you know the artist who painted these watercolors?
5.
My grandfather is one person to whom I always go for advice.
6.
The movie is quite different from the book on which it is based.
7.
Is basketball the only sport that you like to play?
8.
Secretary of State Colin Powell is the person whom I selected as the subject of my essay.
9.
The president of our Ecology Club wrote the song that we sang at the Earth Day celebration.
10.
Do the jobs for which you have applied pay more than minimum wage?
EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, identify the function of the relative pronoun within the
underlined adjective clause. Above the relative pronoun, write S for subject, DO for direct object, OP for
object of a preposition, or PP for possessive pronoun.
Example 1. Laura is the candidate for whom I will vote.
11.
The chapter that the class is reading now discusses American life during the Great Depression.
12.
He was the only celebrity whose autograph I could get.
13.
The two deer, which had ambled down to the river, suddenly retreated into the woods.
14.
The troubled queen to whom the poet is referring is Mary, Queen of Scots.
15.
An arachnophobe is someone who has an abnormal fear of spiders.
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
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Adverb Clauses A
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
An adverb clause generally tells how, when, where, why, how much, to what extent, or under what
condition the action of a verb takes place.
EXAMPLE If the rain stops soon, we will continue the game. [The adverb clause modifies the
verb will continue, telling under what condition we will continue the game.]
Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions—words that show the relation-
ship between an adverb clause and the word or words the clause modifies. Common subordi-
nating conjunctions include after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, if, since, so that,
than, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while.
EXERCISE A Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences. Then, circle the
subordinating conjunction.
Example
1.
Dad and I hid the gift so that we could surprise my sister.
1.
After the owners of the store reduced prices, more people shopped there.
2.
Call me if you need any help organizing the recycling campaign.
3.
Carole performed a more difficult dive than any of her challengers did.
4.
I made several errors on the test because I had misread the instructions.
5.
Although televised newscasts are informative, I prefer reading the newspaper.
6.
Jorge carries his laptop computer wherever he goes.
7.
Cathy plays tennis better than I do.
8.
You may go whenever you finish your homework.
9.
As we drove up the mountain, the fog grew heavier.
10.
A few of the guests at the party acted as if they were bored.
EXERCISE B Complete each of the following sentences by writing in the blank provided a subordinating
conjunction that shows a logical relationship between the ideas in the sentence.
Example
1.
Tranh called about the part-time job I told him about it.
11.
Jill will be moving to Miami she graduates from high school.
12.
Armand and Tony set up the tent Travis and I gathered firewood.
13.
May I use your computer I can type my essay?
14.
you show your student identification at the ticket booth, you will receive a
discount.
15.
Robert could not play in the game he had injured his wrist.
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NAME CLASS DATE
Adverb Clauses B
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
An adverb clause generally tells how, when, where, why, how much, to what extent, or under what
condition the action of a verb takes place.
EXAMPLE Since the weather is so pleasant, we should have a picnic by the lake. [The adverb
clause modifies the verb should have, telling why we should have a picnic.]
Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions—words that show the relation-
ship between an adverb clause and the word or words the clause modifies. Common subordi-
nating conjunctions include after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, if, since, so that,
than, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while.
EXERCISE A Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences. Then, circle the
subordinating conjunction.
Example
1.
As the Titanic was sinking, the musicians continued to play.
1.
Our nervousness subsided after the first round of the contest ended.
2.
If you want to try out for the golf team, contact Coach Atkins by Friday.
3.
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes between the sun and the earth.
4.
Although he was seasick at times, Jules enjoyed most of the cruise.
5.
Rosalie has been playing chess since she was four years old.
6.
I need to stay after school today so that I can finish my science project.
7.
The food drive may not be successful unless more people volunteer to help.
8.
Annie had shown little interest in an acting career until she attended college.
9.
In the gentle breeze the scarecrow looked as if it were dancing.
10.
Put the vegetables wherever you can find room in the refrigerator.
EXERCISE B Complete each of the following sentences by writing in the blank provided a subordinating
conjunction that shows a logical relationship between the ideas in the sentence.
Example
1.
Why are you acting you don’t trust me?
11.
Mr. Yan cannot be at school today he has been called for jury duty.
12.
she returns, I will give her your message.
13.
The audience applauded and cheered the director joined the cast onstage.
14.
Our two dogs raced alongside us we ran to catch the school bus.
15.
we do not work tomorrow, we may not finish the project on time.
GRAMMAR
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Subordinating Conjunctions
Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions—words that show the relation-
ship between an adverb clause and the word or words the clause modifies.
Do not mistake a prepositional phrase for an adverb clause. Some words can be used as a
preposition or a subordinating conjunction.
PREPOSITION Where did you go after the movie?
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION Where did you go after you watched the movie?
EXERCISE A Identify each of the following word groups by writing on the line provided either PREP for
prepositional phrase or ADV for adverb clause.
Examples
1.
before the ceremony
2.
before the ceremony began
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GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
page 105
EXERCISE B Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences. Then, circle the
subordinating conjunction.
Example
1.
When they visit a museum, some people become confused.
11.
They should study the museum guide before they begin looking at the exhibits.
12.
Most visitors stop where the skeletons of prehistoric animals stand.
13.
If you are curious about dinosaurs, you can learn much about them.
14.
One day, as we approached the exhibit on prehistoric birds, another visitor told us about the
discovery of the remains of a dinosaur in South America in the late 1990s.
15.
This friendly visitor certainly knew more about prehistoric birds than we did.
16.
Because some of the features of the dinosaur resemble those of a bird, the researchers called
the creature Unenlagia, meaning “half bird.”
17.
The creature probably did not fly, though its forelimbs are similar to a bird’s wings.
18.
Scientists are still unsure whether Unenlagia had feathers.
19.
Because dinosaurs can be difficult to imagine, museum models help museum visitors.
20.
You will probably want to read more about dinosaurs after you visit the museum.
1.
after the boat capsized
2.
after the boating accident
3.
since the sixteenth century
4.
as if we needed any help
5.
unless the library closes early
6.
since it was already dark
7.
as the team’s quarterback
8.
until we meet again
9.
until our next meeting
10.
although we were late
PREP
ADV
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Adjective and Adverb Clauses
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
EXAMPLE John R. Erickson has written several novels in which the principal character is named
Hank the Cowdog. [The adjective clause modifies the noun novels.]
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
EXAMPLE Although the novels are considered children’s literature, adults enjoy reading them
as well. [The adverb clause modifies the verb enjoy.]
EXERCISE A Identify the underlined clause in each of the following sentences by writing above it ADJ for
adjective clause or ADV for adverb clause.
Example
1.
A bibliophile is someone who enjoys collecting books.
1.
When the optometrist examined my eyes, she found no signs of astigmatism.
2.
In Greek mythology, Thetis immersed her son, Achilles, in the river Styx so that he would be
invulnerable to injury.
3.
Everyone who volunteered to decorate for Pumpkinfest should report to the gym after school.
4.
Years later, she returned to the African village where she had been a Peace Corps volunteer.
5.
The scientists cannot solve the problem until they have identified the cause of it.
EXERCISE B Underline each subordinate clause in the following sentences. Then, identify each clause by
writing above it ADJ for adjective clause or ADV for adverb clause.
Example
1.
Childe Hassam was an impressionist, an artist who strives to show the changing
effects of light on a subject.
6.
Before Hassam became a painter, he worked as an engraver and later as an illustrator for a
magazine.
7.
When he moved into a studio in Paris, Hassam found some paintings that the previous
occupant, another artist, had left behind.
8.
The artist who had created the paintings was Pierre Auguste Renoir, the great French
impressionist.
9.
Although Hassam painted many rural landscapes, he is perhaps best remembered for his
compelling images of life in large cities.
10.
In each painting, Hassam strove to make known the emotion that the subject of the painting
evoked in him.
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 101=105
ADJ
ADJ
4d.
4e.
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Noun Clauses A
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun.
A noun clause may be used as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect
object, or an object of a preposition.
EXAMPLES That Marie Curie changed modern science is well known. [subject]
We sent whomever we contacted a letter of appreciation. [indirect object]
Sometimes, the introductory word in a noun clause is omitted but understood.
EXAMPLE I said I had already heard the news. [That is understood.]
EXERCISE A Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences.
Example
1.
According to my teacher, I can write my report about whomever I want.
1.
I have decided that I will write about the life of George Washington Carver.
2.
What Carver wanted to become was an artist.
3.
He showed that he had talent for painting.
4.
Where he could go to college depended on the restrictive laws of his time.
5.
Horticulture was what he studied in college.
6.
That he was intelligent, talented, and hardworking is obvious.
7.
Carver was whom Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee Institute chose as the first director of its
agriculture department.
8.
Did you know that Carver developed hundreds of uses for peanuts, potatoes, and soybeans?
9.
From Carver’s “school on wheels,” many farmers learned how they could improve their soil.
10.
In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) awarded
Carver its Spingarn Medal for what he had achieved.
EXERCISE B Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences. Then, on the line provided,
identify the function of the clause by writing S for subject, PN for predicate nominative, DO for direct
object, IO for indirect object, or OP for object of a preposition.
Example _______
1.
Will you show me how you solved the last problem?
11.
The researchers remained puzzled by what they had discovered.
12.
A physical therapist is what Tina has always wanted to be.
13.
Do you know who wrote the national anthem of the United States?
14.
Alex will give whoever finds his class ring a cash reward.
15.
That you have not missed one day of school in ten years is remarkable.
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GRAMMAR
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pages 106=107
DO
4f.
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Noun Clauses B
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun.
EXAMPLES That the band had to cancel its concert disappointed many fans. [subject]
Ed’s duties at the shop are not what he had expected. [predicate nominative]
I believe that their new address is 6541 Spring Street. [direct object]
The teacher gave whoever solved the riddle five extra points. [indirect object]
I am sorry for what I said to you earlier. [object of a preposition]
Sometimes, the introductory word in a noun clause is omitted but understood.
EXAMPLE I believe their new address is 6541 Spring Street. [That is understood.]
EXERCISE A Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences.
Example
1.
Can you tell me when the compact disc was invented?
1.
We fans could not understand why the referee had called a technical foul on the coach.
2.
The director gave whichever actors were present first choice of rehearsal times.
3.
The nutritionist explained which vegetables are richest in vitamin C.
4.
Guess what my grandparents gave me for my birthday.
5.
The winner will be whichever team finds the most items.
6.
What became of the English colony on Roanoke Island in 1587 remains a mystery.
7.
Many people are interested in whom the presidential candidate will select as a running mate.
8.
That Ms. Arquette had decided to withdraw from the mayoral race surprised even her cam-
paign manager.
9.
My mother offered a special surprise to whoever finished cleaning first.
10.
The teacher showed me how I could better organize the ideas of my research paper.
EXERCISE B Underline the noun clause or clauses in each of the following sentences. Then, on the line
provided, indicate how each noun clause is used. Write S for subject, PN for predicate nominative,DO for
direct object, IO for indirect object, or OP for object of a preposition.
Example _______
1.
Do you know who is responsible for starting the rumors?
______
11.
Whether the class goes on the field trip depends on the weather conditions.
______
12.
I did not know that the brown pelican is an endangered species.
______
13.
The principal was pleased with what the student council had achieved.
______
14.
The restaurant manager will pay whoever works this weekend a bonus of fifty dollars.
______
15.
What the players want to know is who their new coach will be.
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 106=107
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Kinds of Subordinate Clauses
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Sherman Alexie, who is an award-winning novelist, is one of my favorite
authors.
ADVERB CLAUSE I waited until the sun set.
NOUN CLAUSE Is this what you need?
EXERCISE Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. Then, above each clause,
classify it by writing ADJ for adjective clause, ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
After he saw a program about Easter Island, Uncle Jim visited the island.
1.
At first Uncle Jim did not know what would be required, so he did some research.
2.
After he had read several books about the island, he discussed the idea with my family.
3.
Where he would stay there was my mother’s main concern.
4.
He remembered that my aunt Victoria has camped all over the world, so he called her.
5.
Aunt Victoria is happy to help anyone who shows an interest in traveling and camping.
6.
She helped Uncle Jim choose the tent and equipment that he would use on the island.
7.
He made a supply list so that he would remember to get everything at the camping store.
8.
He decided to buy a small camp stove that could burn several types of fuel.
9.
He packed his equipment and double-checked his packing list before he left.
10.
After he flew to Chile from Florida, he waited several hours before flying to Easter Island.
11.
Did you know that Easter Island is over two thousand miles west of Chile?
12.
As soon as he arrived, he went to look at some moai, the famous stone heads of Easter Island.
13.
Many of the moai stand on ahu, which are long stone platforms.
14.
Because he was curious about the statues, Uncle Jim took many pictures of them.
15.
The statues were carved out of the rock at Rano Raraku, which is an extinct volcano.
16.
Where he set up his tent was a campground at the foot of the volcano.
17.
He spent a week at Rano Raraku and lived in the tent while he studied the statues.
18.
When the sun came up each morning, Uncle Jim photographed the giant stone heads.
19.
He was pleased about how well his trip to Easter Island went.
20.
Uncle Jim is happy to show his Easter Island photographs to whoever wants to see them.
NAME CLASS DATE
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 101=107
ADV
4d.
4e.
4f.
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Simple Sentences and Compound Sentences
A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. It may have
a compound subject, a compound verb, and any number of phrases.
EXAMPLE Songkran, the Water Festival of Thailand, lasts for four days.
A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no subordinate
clauses.
EXAMPLE During the festival, colorfully decorated cars carry large statues of Buddha from temple
to temple, and the people along the streets sprinkle water on the statues. [two inde-
pendent clauses joined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction and]
EXERCISE A On the line provided, write the number of independent clauses (1, 2, or 3) in each of the
following sentences.
Example
1.
My cousin Carlotta was born in Los Angeles, California, but for most of her
life, she has lived in Guadalajara, Mexico.
1.
Last March, I had the opportunity to travel to Guadalajara and visit Carlotta.
2.
Each year, Carlotta can hardly wait until November, for the Día de los Muertos occurs
during that month.
3.
In November, Carlotta prepares an altar in honor of deceased relatives, for the Día de
Los Muertos is the “day of the dead.”
4.
During this Mexican festival, families decorate an altar with photographs and candy
skulls, prepare special foods, and light candles.
5.
During the festival, shops sell special items, performers dance, and children play.
EXERCISE B On the line provided, classify each of the following sentences by writing S for simple
sentence or CD for compound sentence.
Example
1.
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the eighteenth century.
6.
With the start of the Industrial Revolution came a heightened need for child labor laws.
7.
Many children worked for long hours in factories and mines, and most of them
received extremely low wages.
8.
In addition, the children often suffered dangerous working conditions.
9.
Charles Dickens, a popular author at the time, saw the problem in England, and like
many others, he sought to abolish the abuses.
10.
The efforts of Dickens and other citizens eventually resulted in more effective labor laws.
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 109=10
2
S
4g(1).
4g(2).
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Complex Sentences and Compound-Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
EXAMPLE In India, Holi is a day of frivolity [independent clause] that is celebrated every year in
late February or early March [subordinate clause].
A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one
subordinate clause.
EXAMPLE During Holi, both young and old sing and dance [independent clause]; they also sprin-
kle each other’s clothes with colored water [independent clause] until their attire
becomes a hodgepodge of brilliant dyes [subordinate clause].
EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, draw one line under each independent clause and two
lines under each subordinate clause.
Example
1.
John Zweifel is a miniaturist, an artist who creates very small works of art.
1.
When Zweifel created a replica of the White House, he got help from his family and friends.
2.
This model, which measures sixty feet by twenty feet, contains reproductions of all the White
House furnishings, from rugs and furniture to oil paintings and crystal goblets.
3.
Zweifel added 1,589 feet of wiring so that the 548 tiny light bulbs and 6 televisions would work.
4.
Although the replica is complete, it remains a work in progress, for whenever there is a change
in the actual White House, Zweifel duplicates the change in the replica.
5.
Perhaps you have seen this famous replica, which many consider a masterpiece of miniature
art; it has toured not only the United States but also Europe and Japan.
EXERCISE B Classify each of the following sentences by writing above it CX for complex sentence or
CD-CX for compound-complex sentence.
Example
1.
Dr. Turner is an anthropologist, and last year he traveled to Canada, where he lived
with a Cree family for several months.
6.
While he lived with the family, Dr. Turner learned much about Cree history and culture.
7.
Although most Cree live in Canada, about two thousand live on a reservation in Montana.
8.
The woodlands of eastern and northern Canada were once home to all of the Cree; then in the
mid-1700s some Cree bands moved west, where they became hunters.
9.
Today, many Cree work on reservations, while others live in cities in Canada.
10.
As Dr. Turner discovered, some Cree are employees of the Canadian government; they gener-
ally serve as teachers, clerks, or health-care workers.
NAME CLASS DATE
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
page 110
CD-CX
4g(3).
4g(4).
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Review A: Independent and Subordinate Clauses
EXERCISE A Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. Then, identify that
clause by writing above it ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
As soon as we saw the cat, we wanted to adopt him.
1.
My family and I adopted a Siamese cat, whom we named Chang.
2.
That we have pampered Chang is an understatement.
3.
Chang certainly senses that he is an important member of our family.
4.
At times, in fact, he treats us as if we were his pets.
5.
When we sit down to eat, Chang leaps promptly to the top of a nearby table.
6.
Sitting there quietly, he purrs his contentment with the food that we give him.
7.
Chang usually will eat what we like to eat.
8.
Although he prefers tuna, he also enjoys other kinds of food.
9.
Chang does not leave his table until we have cleared away the dishes from our meal.
10.
After eating, Chang lies down in his basket, where he sleeps until snack time.
EXERCISE B Identify the underlined clause in each of the following sentences by writing above it I
for independent clause, ADJ for adjective clause, ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
Chang never doubts for a moment that he is entitled to go with us on trips.
11.
Aunt Jo has a fox terrier that becomes a nervous wreck on seeing Jo packing for a vacation.
12.
Chang does not quiver a whisker, though, for he believes that cats always go on vacations.
13.
When our car is packed and ready, he hops in cheerfully.
14.
He avoids the driver’s seat, willingly leaving the driving to whoever wants to drive.
15.
Sleeping is what Chang likes best about a car trip.
16.
He slips under the front seat to take the long midday nap that every other sensible cat takes.
17.
He curls up politely and gives whoever is sitting in the front seat plenty of legroom.
18.
That the rest of us remain awake probably baffles him.
19.
In his view, the smartest traveler is one who arrives at his or her destination with the least
worry and trouble.
20.
Chang always seems content when we arrive at our destination.
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 98=107
ADV
N
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Review B: Clauses and Their Functions
EXERCISE A Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. Then, identify that
clause by writing above it ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
I went to a dance that was sponsored by the American Field Service Club.
1.
At the dance I met Michelle, a student whose hometown is Paris.
2.
When Michelle first arrived, her English was somewhat stilted.
3.
Since we met, her speech has improved.
4.
Michelle understands that it is important to practice English.
5.
Sometimes, though, what she says surprises me.
6.
Because she is athletic, Michelle loves sports jargon.
7.
She readily learns the new terms that we teach her.
8.
Baseball, which is my favorite game, confuses her.
9.
However, she “talks” soccer as if she were a professional player.
10.
What Michelle wants to become is a sports announcer.
EXERCISE B Identify the underlined clause in each of the following sentences by writing above it I for
independent clause,ADJ for adjective clause,ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause. For each adjec-
tive or adverb clause, circle the word or words that the clause modifies. For each noun clause, indicate
how the clause is used by writing above it S for subject, DO for direct object, IO for indirect object, PN for
predicate nominative, or OP for object of a preposition.
Examples
1.
What has a long, silky coat, a plumed tail, and flared ears that resemble butterflies?
2.
Did you know that a papillon is not just a butterfly?
11.
I laughed when my father brought home a papillon.
12.
Don’t you think that a cat or a dog would make a better pet?
13.
That is what I asked upon hearing of his strange purchase.
14.
Imagine my surprise at the time when I learned the truth.
15.
Papillon, which is French for “butterfly,” is also the name of a breed of dog.
16.
What distinguishes the papillon from other toy spaniels is its unusual, butterflylike ears.
17.
A breed that is becoming popular in the United States, the papillon is an intelligent dog.
18.
If one can judge from our Papou, the breed is also very friendly.
19.
Our Papou, for example, readily responds to whoever takes note of him.
20.
More than a show dog, he gives whoever loves him plenty of affection in return.
NAME CLASS DATE
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 98=107
ADJ
ADJ
N—DO
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Review C: Sentence Structure
EXERCISE Classify each of the following sentences by writing on the line provided S for simple sentence,
CD for compound sentence, CX for complex sentence, or CD-CX for compound-complex sentence.
Example
1.
I use the Dictionary of American Biography to research famous Americans.
1.
If you like to read about contemporary people, you might enjoy Current Biography.
2.
Actually, The Guinness Book of World Records is my favorite source of biographical trivia.
3.
Because Philo T. Farnsworth helped invent television, his name is in encyclopedias.
4.
A statue of Buddha in Tokyo, Japan, is the world’s tallest statue.
5.
In 1946, Estée Lauder founded a cosmetics firm and marketed beauty care products.
6.
In 1871, the entertainer P. T. Barnum opened a circus, which he later called “The
Greatest Show on Earth”; he was later elected mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut.
7.
In 1955, the cartoonist Charles Schulz won the Reuben Award from the National
Cartoonists Society; he won the award again in 1964.
8.
The baseball player Sadaharu Oh, who has hit more than eight hundred home runs in
his career, has been called the “Babe Ruth of Japan.”
9.
I know that in 1998 Mark McGwire set a record for hitting the most home runs in a
season, but I am not sure whether he still holds that record.
10.
The Guinness Book of World Records includes many other interesting facts and figures.
11.
With twenty-two letters, superextraordinarisimo is the longest word in Spanish.
12.
I learned that every known language includes the sound “ah,” as in the word father.
13.
Chi-n-chi-ku-ri-n, which means “a very short person,” is the longest word in Japanese.
14.
The English language includes approximately 1,016,500 words; that any English
speaker uses more than 60,000 of these words is highly unlikely.
15.
William Shakespeare, a playwright and poet, had a vocabulary of about 33,000 words.
16.
Are you interested in geographical trivia?
17.
Hilo, Hawaii, is the southernmost city in the U.S., and Barrow, Alaska, is the northernmost.
18.
Covering about forty-five acres, the Quetzalcóatl Pyramid near Mexico City is not only
the world’s largest pyramid but also the largest monument ever built.
19.
The Gateway to the West arch is the world’s tallest monument; it rises 630 feet.
20.
I like trivia games that are challenging; so does Irene.
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 109=10
S
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Review D: Clauses and Sentence Structure
EXERCISE A Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences. On the line provided,
identify the clause by writing ADJ for adjective clause, ADV for adverb clause, or N for noun clause.
Example
1.
While we were shopping, we lost one of our packages.
1.
The forest fire started because someone had not smothered a campfire.
2.
The family that bought the house next door is from Seattle.
3.
Did you know that Joel is the new team captain?
4.
Mr. O’Brien will buy the store if the bank will lend him the money.
5.
The girl who won the golf match has practiced diligently.
EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline each independent clause once and each
subordinate clause twice. Then, identify each sentence according to structure. On the line provided,
write S for simple sentence, CD for compound sentence, CX for complex sentence, or CD-CX for compound-
complex sentence.
Example
1.
I’ve enjoyed this class since we’ve been studying Yellowstone National Park.
6.
Did you know that Yellowstone National Park is the oldest of our national parks?
7.
I don’t know if you have ever visited Yellowstone, but you should plan to see it soon.
8.
The first recorded trip to the Yellowstone geysers was made in 1807 by John Colter.
9.
Colter’s reports of rainbow-colored pools, spouting geysers, and boiling mudholes
were dismissed as hallucinations.
10.
After 1810, a number of trappers and scouts visited the region, but few people
believed the stories that these explorers brought back.
11.
In 1870, an expedition that was headed by Henry D. Washburn and Nathaniel P.
Langford finally discovered the truth behind the stories.
12.
The next year, Dr. Ferdinand Hayden, head of the U.S. Geological Survey, led a scien-
tific expedition to Yellowstone; he brought with him an artist and a photographer.
13.
Their reports captured the interest of the nation, and Congress quickly acted to
preserve the region as a national park.
14.
In 1988, much of Yellowstone’s forest and meadowland was consumed by fire, which
was allowed to burn unchecked.
15.
In the event of fire, park policy is to let nature take its course.
NAME CLASS DATE
GRAMMAR
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 98=110
ADV
CX
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GRAMMAR | Language in Context: Literary Model
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 98=110
Literary Model: Poetry
EXERCISE A
1.
On the lines below, write the subject and verb of each clause in the poem. Next to the subject
and verb, write S if the clause is subordinate or I if the clause is independent. One clause from
the last four lines has been indentified for you.
2.
It may surprise you to realize that the poem is one long sentence. Based on the clauses you iden-
tified in Item 1, what kind of sentence is it: simple, compound, complex, or compound-
complex?
EXERCISE B As you can see, the poem begins with a series of increasingly longer clauses. How might the
length and number of these clauses indicate how the speaker feels about the astronomer’s lecture?
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When I heard the learn’d astronomer,
When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me,
When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them,
When I sitting heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in
the lecture room,
How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick,
Till rising and gliding out I wandered off by myself,
In the mystical moist night air, and from time to time,
Looked up in perfect silence at the stars.
—“When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer” by Walt Whitman
I wandered, looked—S
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GRAMMAR | Language in Context: Literary Model
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 98=110
Literary Model (continued)
EXERCISE C Write a short poem describing a lecture or a speech you once heard and how you felt about
it. Make your poem one long sentence as Whitman did.
EXERCISE D
1.
On the lines below, write the subject and verb of each clause you used in your poem. Next to
the subject and verb, write S if the clause is subordinate or I if the clause is independent.
2.
What kind of sentence is your poem: simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex?
3.
Explain how your use of clauses helps describe the lecture or speech. For instance, did you use
subordinate clauses for less important ideas and independent clauses for more important
ones? Did you use long or short clauses to help express your meaning? Explain your answers.
Language and Sentence Skills Practice
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Writing Application: Instructions
Characteristics such as age and level of experience influence a person’s ability to understand a
set of instructions. For example, a teenager who has been cooking and creating recipes since
the age of seven will probably find it easier to understand instructions for how to make
lasagna than another teenager whose cooking experience consists of heating a frozen dinner in
a microwave oven. The writing used in the instructions given to the beginner should contain
more simple sentences and fewer compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
SIMPLE Let eggs reach room temperature. Beat four eggs for one minute. Add
them to the batter.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX Beat for one minute four eggs that have reached room temperature; then,
add them to the batter.
In any kind of writing—but especially in informative pieces of writing—consider your audi-
ence when you choose sentence structures.
WRITING ACTIVITY
Think of something that you know how to do or make that would be appropriate for both children and
adults. Write two sets of instructions for your activity: one that a group of second-grade students can
follow without any difficulty, and the other that a group of adults can successfully follow. Be sure to
tailor your choice of sentence structures according to the audience.
PREWRITING Use a flowchart or some other type of diagram to list all the steps and materials that need
to be included in your instructions. Then, while visualizing yourself actually performing
the task, check that you have included every step and material in the diagram.
WRITING Use what you have written in your diagram to guide you as you write a draft of each set
of instructions. Remember to choose sentence structures according to whether the
instructions are intended for the second-grade students or the adults. You should use
mostly simple sentences in your instructions for the children.
REVISING Read your two drafts to two classmates to see whether they can tell which set of
instructions is intended for which audience. If it is not completely obvious, then you
need to revise sentence structures. You will also need to make sure your vocabulary is
appropriate for each audience. If your classmates are not familiar with your topic, ask
them whether they think the instructions are clear enough.
PUBLISHING Put your two sets of instructions aside for a while, then proofread them slowly later.
Check that all your sentences are complete sentences and that you have correctly
used punctuation in your compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
Proofread for other errors in grammar, usage, spelling, and punctuation. Then, use one
set of instructions to demonstrate the steps of your activity to the class.
EXTENDING YOUR WRITING
Along with one or two of your classmates, turn your instructions into a handy guidebook. First, your
group needs to determine the audience of your guidebook: adults, children, or a combination of the
two. Write a brief but helpful introduction that explains the content of your guide. Decide which
instructions to include, come up with the best way to bind them together, and illustrate the pages and
cover of your book.
GRAMMAR | Language in Context: Writing Application
for CHAPTER 4: THE CLAUSE
pages 98=110
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Chapter 4: The Clause, pp. 87–110
Choices: Exploring Clauses, p. 87
Choices activities are designed to extend and
enrich students’ understanding of grammar,
usage, and mechanics and to take learners
beyond traditional classroom instruction. To use
the Choices worksheet, have each student pick
an activity that interests him or her. In some
cases, you may wish to assign an activity to a
particular student or group of students. You
may also want to request that students get your
approval for the activities they choose. Establish
guidelines for what constitutes successful com-
pletion of an activity. Then, help students plan
how they will share their work with the rest of
the class.
Choices activities can be scored with a pass-
fail grade or treated as bonus-point projects.
Those activities that require students to research
or create a certain number of items might be
graded in a traditional manner.
Clauses, p. 88
EXERCISE
1.
S
14.
I
2.
N
15.
S
3.
I
16.
N
4.
N
17.
N
5.
S
18.
I
6.
S
19.
N
7.
I
20.
S
8.
N
21.
N
9.
N
22.
I
10.
S
23.
S
11.
S
24.
N
12.
N
25.
I
13.
N
Independent Clauses, p. 89
EXERCISE A
1.
A
4.
A
2.
B
5.
A; B
3.
B
EXERCISE B
6.
When she was a child, Alice Coachman
sneaked away from her chores to play
basketball.
7.
While she was at Tuskegee Institute High
School in the 1940s, Coachman captured
national track-and-field championships in
four events.
8.
As World War II ended, Coachman looked
forward to entering international
competitions.
9.
The 1948 Olympics were held in London,
England, and Alice Coachman was there.
10.
Winning first place in the high jump was a
feat that won her recognition as the first
African American woman to win an
Olympic gold medal.
Subordinate Clauses, p. 90
EXERCISE
1.
After we ate lunch at the Japanese tearoom,
we browsed the gift shop for souvenirs.
2.
A monument has been erected at the site
where the battle occurred.
3.
Although Beethoven lost his hearing, he
continued to compose music.
4.
My friend Malcolm, whose opinion I value
highly, recommended this book.
5.
Because I have not seen the movie, please
do not tell me about the ending.
6.
Ava gave me a jar of her homemade salsa,
which won a blue ribbon at the state fair.
7.
What our guest speaker said sparked a live-
ly discussion.
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8.
According to Benjamin Franklin, “Three
may keep a secret if two of them are dead.”
9.
The wide receiver was tackled as soon as he
caught the pass.
10.
Remind me to take a camera along when
we go camping again.
11.
Whether the school can provide new
computers depends largely upon the
fund-raisers.
12.
The beach was closed to the public because
a shark had been sighted.
13.
Soledad attends Stanford University, where
she is studying to become a civil engineer.
14.
We searched the Internet for a Web site that
would give us information about jogging.
15.
You can invite whomever you want to the
Cinco de Mayo party.
16.
If that painting is still for sale, I will buy it.
17.
My cousin Eduardo, whom you will meet
at the party, wants to audition for our band.
18.
Today I left soccer practice early so that
I would not be late for my dentist
appointment.
19.
A technician at the electronics shop told me
that my CD player was beyond repair.
20.
Before we left for the airport, we called the
airline to confirm the departure time of our
flight.
Independent and Subordinate Clauses, p. 91
EXERCISE
1.
S
11.
S
2.
S
12.
I
3.
I
13.
S
4.
S
14.
S
5.
I
15.
S
6.
I
16.
I
7.
S
17.
I
8.
S
18.
S
9.
I
19.
I
10.
I
20.
S
Adjective Clauses A, p. 92
EXERCISE A
For items 1 and 4, if a reasonable explanation for the
choice can be offered, you may wish to give credit to
those students who choose river as the modified
word.
1.
The head of the river, which lies north of
here, contains relatively calm water.
2.
Our guide, whom we know well, showed
us photographs of her last rafting trip.
3.
Our guide then showed us a chart of the
course we would follow.
4.
The part of the river where we rafted was
not too dangerous.
5.
We rode on a raft that my uncle Theo
had built.
EXERCISE B
6.
Areas of the river that can be hazardous are
marked on a chart.
7.
You must learn techniques that minimize
danger.
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8.
Guides who are especially skilled reassure
inexperienced people.
9.
Some beginners have spectators take
snapshots, which they can enjoy later.
10.
Would you like to see photos of the first
time I went rafting?
11.
Some rafters spend hours writing reports
that friends will read.
12.
One report, which I particularly enjoyed,
described an unexpected onrush of
white water.
13.
Everyone who loves a challenge in the
outdoors should consider rafting.
14.
Several people whom I respect have recom-
mended the sport to me.
15.
It is a sport that you should try in the
company of an experienced guide.
Adjective Clauses B, p. 93
EXERCISE A
1.
I have a friend whose mother is an
archaeologist.
2.
James Thurber wrote several amusing
stories in a style that resembles that of
Aesop’s fables.
3.
Everyone who attended the Fourth of July
celebration dressed in red, white, and blue.
4.
The Surgeon General described the health
problems that smoking can cause.
5.
The only e-mail message you have is from
Mr. Salinger.
EXERCISE B
6.
Komodo dragons, which are indigenous to
the jungles of Southeast Asia, are the
world’s largest living lizards.
7.
Today, Uncle Regis, who loves card tricks,
taught me a few of them.
8.
The name Chicago is an Algonquian word
that means “place of the onion.”
9.
Josh drew this family tree, which shows the
history of seven generations of his family.
10.
Carol, who is the new president of the
Wilderness Club, has already organized a
camping trip.
11.
Who will be responsible for raising the flag
on days when you are absent from school?
12.
The Kentucky Derby, which is held on the
first Saturday in May, is considered the first
jewel in the Triple Crown of horse racing.
13.
Can you tell me the year the first space
shuttle was launched?
14.
Is it a stalactite that extends from the roof of
a cave?
15.
Wheat, corn, and sugar beets are among the
crops that farmers in Chile grow.
Relative Pronouns, p. 94
EXERCISE A
1.
Those who want to participate in the
readathon should sign up in the library.
2.
Did the oak saplings that you planted last
spring survive the summer drought?
3.
The pharmacist for whom Allison worked
encouraged her to pursue a career in
medicine.
4.
Do you know the artist who painted these
watercolors?
5.
My grandfather is one person to whom I
always go for advice.
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6.
The movie is quite different from the book
on which it is based.
7.
Is basketball the only sport that you like
to play?
8.
Secretary of State Colin Powell is the person
whom I selected as the subject of my essay.
9.
The president of our Ecology Club wrote
the song that we sang at the Earth Day
celebration.
10.
Do the jobs for which you have applied pay
more than minimum wage?
EXERCISE B
11.
The chapter that the class is reading now
discusses American life during the Great
Depression.
12.
He was the only celebrity whose autograph
I could get.
13.
The two deer, which had ambled down to
the river, suddenly retreated into the
woods.
14.
The troubled queen to whom the poet is
referring is Mary, Queen of Scots.
15.
An arachnophobe is someone who has an
abnormal fear of spiders.
Adverb Clauses A, p. 95
EXERCISE A
1.
After the owners of the store reduced
prices, more people shopped there.
2.
Call me if you need any help organizing the
recycling campaign.
3.
Carole performed a more difficult dive
than any of her challengers did.
4.
I made several errors on the test because I
had misread the instructions.
5.
Although televised newscasts are informa-
tive, I prefer reading the newspaper.
6.
Jorge carries his laptop computer wherever
he goes.
7.
Cathy plays tennis better than I do.
8.
You may go whenever you finish your
homework.
9.
As we drove up the mountain, the fog grew
heavier.
10.
A few of the guests at the party acted
as if they were bored.
EXERCISE B
Answers may vary.
11.
Jill will be moving to Miami
she graduates from high school.
12.
Armand and Tony set up the tent
Travis and I gathered fire-
wood.
13.
May I use your computer I
can type my essay?
14.
you show your student
identification at the ticket booth, you will
receive a discount.
15.
Robert could not play in the game
he had injured his wrist.
Adverb Clauses B, p. 96
EXERCISE A
1.
Our nervousness subsided after the first
round of the contest ended.
2.
If you want to try out for the golf team,
contact Coach Atkins by Friday.
3.
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon
comes between the sun and the earth.
because
If
so that
while
after
DO
PP
S
OP
S
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4.
Although he was seasick at times, Jules
enjoyed most of the cruise.
5.
Rosalie has been playing chess since she
was four years old.
6.
I need to stay after school today so that I
can finish my science project.
7.
The food drive may not be successful
unless more people volunteer to help.
8.
Annie had shown little interest in an acting
career until she attended college.
9.
In the gentle breeze the scarecrow looked
as if it were dancing.
10.
Put the vegetables wherever you can find
room in the refrigerator.
EXERCISE B
Answers may vary.
11.
Mr. Yan cannot be at school today
he has been called for jury
duty.
12.
she returns, I will give her
your message.
13.
The audience applauded and cheered
the director joined the cast
onstage.
14.
Our two dogs raced alongside us
we ran to catch the school
bus.
15.
we do not work tomorrow,
we may not finish the project on time.
Subordinating Conjunctions, p. 97
EXERCISE A
1.
ADV
6.
ADV
2.
PREP
7.
PREP
3.
PREP
8.
ADV
4.
ADV
9.
PREP
5.
ADV
10.
ADV
EXERCISE B
11.
They should study the museum guide
before they begin looking at the exhibits.
12.
Most visitors stop where the skeletons of
prehistoric animals stand.
13.
If you are curious about dinosaurs, you can
learn much about them.
14.
One day, as we approached the exhibit on
prehistoric birds, another visitor told us
about the discovery of the remains of a
dinosaur in South America in the late 1990s.
15.
This friendly visitor certainly knew more
about prehistoric birds than we did.
16.
Because some of the features of the
dinosaur resemble those of a bird, the
researchers called the creature Unenlagia,
meaning “half bird.”
17.
The creature probably did not fly, though
its forelimbs are similar to a bird’s wings.
18.
Scientists are still unsure whether
Unenlagia had feathers.
19.
Because dinosaurs can be difficult to imagine,
museum models help museum visitors.
20.
You will probably want to read more about
dinosaurs after you visit the museum.
Adjective and Adverb Clauses, p. 98
EXERCISE A
1.
When the optometrist examined my eyes,
she found no signs of astigmatism.
2.
In Greek mythology, Thetis immersed her
son, Achilles, in the river Styx so that he
would be invulnerable to injury.
3.
Everyone who volunteered to decorate for
Pumpkinfest should report to the gym
after school.
If
as
when
As soon as
because
ADV
ADV
ADJ
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4.
Years later, she returned to the African
village where she had been a Peace Corps
volunteer.
5.
The scientists cannot solve the problem
until they have identified the cause of it.
EXERCISE B
6.
Before Hassam became a painter, he
worked as an engraver and later as an illus-
trator for a magazine.
7.
When he moved into a studio in Paris,
Hassam found some paintings that the
previous occupant, another artist, had
left behind.
8.
The artist who had created the paintings
was Pierre Auguste Renoir, the great French
impressionist.
9.
Although Hassam painted many rural
landscapes, he is perhaps best remembered
for his compelling images of life in large
cities.
10.
In each painting, Hassam strove to make
known the emotion that the subject of the
painting evoked in him.
Noun Clauses A, p. 99
EXERCISE A
1.
I have decided that I will write about the
life of George Washington Carver.
2.
What Carver wanted to become was
an artist.
3.
He showed that he had talent for painting.
4.
Where he could go to college depended on
the restrictive laws of his time.
5.
Horticulture was what he studied
in college.
6.
That he was intelligent, talented, and hard-
working is obvious.
7.
Carver was whom Booker T. Washington at
Tuskegee Institute chose as the first director
of its agriculture department.
8.
Did you know that Carver developed
hundreds of uses for peanuts, potatoes,
and soybeans?
9.
From Carver’s “school on wheels,” many
farmers learned how they could improve
their soil.
10.
In 1923, the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
awarded Carver its Spingarn Medal for
what he had achieved.
EXERCISE B
11.
OP—The researchers remained puzzled by
what they had discovered.
12.
PN—A physical therapist is what Tina has
always wanted to be.
13.
DO—Do you know who wrote the national
anthem of the United States?
14.
IO—Alex will give whoever finds his class
ring a cash reward.
15.
S—That you have not missed one day of
school in ten years is remarkable.
Noun Clauses B, p. 100
EXERCISE A
1.
We fans could not understand why the
referee had called a technical foul on
the coach.
2.
The director gave whichever actors were
present first choice of rehearsal times.
3.
The nutritionist explained which vegetables
are richest in vitamin C.
4.
Guess what my grandparents gave me for
my birthday.
ADJ
ADV
ADV
ADV
ADJ
ADV
ADJ
ADJ
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5.
The winner will be whichever team finds
the most items.
6.
What became of the English colony on
Roanoke Island in 1587 remains a mystery.
7.
Many people are interested in whom the
presidential candidate will select as a
running mate.
8.
That Ms. Arquette had decided to with-
draw from the mayoral race surprised even
her campaign manager.
9.
My mother offered a special surprise to
whoever finished cleaning first.
10.
The teacher showed me how I could better
organize the ideas of my research paper.
EXERCISE B
11.
S—Whether the class goes on the field trip
depends on the weather conditions.
12.
DO—I did not know that the brown pelican
is an endangered species.
13.
OP—The principal was pleased with what
the student council had achieved.
14.
IO—The restaurant manager will pay
whoever works this weekend a bonus of
fifty dollars.
15.
S; PN—What the players want to know is
who their new coach will be.
Kinds of Subordinate Clauses, p. 101
EXERCISE
1.
At first Uncle Jim did not know what
so he did some
research.
2.
island, he discussed the idea with my family.
3.
was my moth-
er’s main concern.
4.
He remembered that my aunt Victoria has
camped all over the world, so he called her.
5.
Aunt Victoria is happy to help anyone who
6.
She helped Uncle Jim choose the tent and
equipment that he would use on the island.
7.
He made a supply list so that he would
remember to get everything at the camping
store.
8.
He decided to buy a small camp stove that
9.
He packed his equipment and double-
checked his packing list
10.
After he flew to Chile from Florida, he
waited several hours before flying to
Easter Island.
11.
Did you know that Easter Island is over
two thousand miles west of Chile?
12.
As soon as he arrived, he went to look at
some moai, the famous stone heads of
Easter Island.
13.
Many of the moai stand on ahu, which are
long stone platforms.
14.
Because he was curious about the statues,
Uncle Jim took many pictures of them.
15.
The statues were carved out of the rock at
Rano Raraku, which is an extinct volcano.
16.
Where he set up his tent was a campground
at the foot of the volcano.
17.
He spent a week at Rano Raraku and lived
in the tent while he studied the statues.
18.
When the sun came up each morning,
Uncle Jim photographed the giant stone
heads.
ADV
before he left.
ADJ
could burn several types of fuel.
ADJ
shows an interest in traveling and camping.
N
Where he would stay there
ADV
After he had read several books about the
N
would be required,
N
ADJ
ADV
N
ADV
ADJ
ADV
ADJ
N
ADV
ADV
ADV
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19.
He was pleased about how well his trip to
Easter Island went.
20.
Uncle Jim is happy to show his Easter
Island photographs to whoever wants to
see them.
Simple Sentences and Compound
Sentences, p. 102
EXERCISE A
1.
1
4.
1
2.
2
5.
3
3.
2
EXERCISE B
6.
S
9.
CD
7.
CD
10.
S
8.
S
Complex Sentences and Compound-Complex
Sentences, p. 103
EXERCISE A
1.
When Zweifel created a replica of the White
House, he got help from his family and
friends.
2.
This model, which measures sixty feet by
twenty feet, contains reproductions of all
the White House furnishings, from rugs
and furniture to oil paintings and crystal
goblets.
3.
Zweifel added 1,589 feet of wiring so that
the 548 tiny light bulbs and 6 televisions
would work.
4.
Although the replica is complete, it remains
a work in progress, for whenever there is a
change in the actual White House, Zweifel
duplicates the change in the replica.
5.
Perhaps you have seen this famous replica,
which many consider a masterpiece of
miniature art; it has toured not only the
United States but also Europe and Japan.
EXERCISE B
6.
CX
9.
CX
7.
CX
10.
CD-CX
8.
CD-CX
Review A: Independent and Subordinate
Clauses, p. 104
EXERCISE A
1.
My family and I adopted a Siamese cat,
whom we named Chang.
2.
That we have pampered Chang is an
understatement.
3.
Chang certainly senses that he is an impor-
tant member of our family.
4.
At times, in fact, he treats us as if we were
his pets.
5.
When we sit down to eat, Chang leaps
promptly to the top of a nearby table.
6.
Sitting there quietly, he purrs his content-
ment with the food that we give him.
7.
Chang usually will eat what we like to eat.
8.
Although he prefers tuna, he also enjoys
other kinds of food.
9.
Chang does not leave his table until we
have cleared away the dishes from our
meal.
10.
After eating, Chang lies down in his basket,
where he sleeps until snack time.
EXERCISE B
11.
Aunt Jo has a fox terrier that becomes a
nervous wreck on seeing Jo packing for a
vacation.
12.
Chang does not quiver a whisker, though,
for he believes that cats always go on
vacations.
13.
When our car is packed and ready, he hops
in cheerfully.
N
N
ADJ
N
ADV
ADV
ADJ
N
ADV
ADJ
N
ADV
ADJ
I
ADV
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14.
He avoids the driver’s seat, willingly leav-
ing the driving to whoever wants to drive.
15.
Sleeping is what Chang likes best about a
car trip.
16.
He slips under the front seat to take the
long midday nap that every other sensible
cat takes.
17.
He curls up politely and gives whoever is
sitting in the front seat plenty of legroom.
18.
That the rest of us remain awake probably
baffles him.
19.
In his view, the smartest traveler is one who
arrives at his or her destination with the
least worry and trouble.
20.
Chang always seems content when we
arrive at our destination.
Review B: Clauses and Their Functions, p. 105
EXERCISE A
1.
At the dance I met Michelle, a student
whose hometown is Paris.
2.
When Michelle first arrived, her English
was somewhat stilted.
3.
Since we met, her speech has improved.
4.
Michelle understands that it is important to
practice English.
5.
Sometimes, though, what she says sur-
prises me.
6.
Because she is athletic, Michelle loves
sports jargon.
7.
She readily learns the new terms that we
teach her.
8.
Baseball, which is my favorite game, con-
fuses her.
9.
However, she “talks” soccer as if she were a
professional player.
10.
What Michelle wants to become is a sports
announcer.
E
XERCISE B
11.
I laughed when my father brought home a
papillon.
12.
Don’t you think that a cat or a dog would
make a better pet?
13.
That is what I asked upon hearing of his
strange purchase.
14.
Imagine my surprise at the time when I
learned the truth.
15.
Papillon, which is French for “butterfly,”
is also the name of a breed of dog.
16.
What distinguishes the papillon from
other toy spaniels is its unusual, butter-
flylike ears.
17.
A breed that is becoming popular in
the United States, the papillon is an intel-
ligent dog.
18.
If one can judge from our Papou, the breed
is also very friendly.
19.
Our Papou, for example, readily responds
to whoever takes note of him.
20.
More than a show dog, he gives whoever
loves him plenty of affection in return.
Review C: Sentence Structure, p. 106
EXERCISE
1.
CX
11.
S
2.
S
12.
CX
3.
CX
13.
CX
4.
S
14.
CD-CX
5.
S
15.
S
6.
CD-CX
16.
S
7.
CD
17.
CD
8.
CX
18.
S
9.
CD-CX
19.
CD
10.
S
20.
CD-CX
N
N
ADJ
I
N
ADJ
ADV
ADJ
ADV
ADV
ADV
N
N
ADJ
ADV
ADJ
N
ADV
N-DO
N-PN
I
ADJ
N-S
ADJ
ADV
N-OP
N-IO
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Language and Sentence Skills Practice Answer Key
51
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Review D: Clauses and Sentence Structure,
p. 107
EXERCISE A
1.
ADV—The forest fire started because some-
one had not smothered a campfire.
2.
ADJ—The family that bought the house
next door is from Seattle.
3.
N—Did you know that Joel is the new team
captain?
4.
ADV—Mr. O’Brien will buy the store if the
bank will lend him the money.
5.
ADJ—The girl who won the golf match has
practiced diligently.
EXERCISE B
6.
CX—Did you know that Yellowstone
National Park is the oldest of our
national parks?
7.
CD-CX—I don’t know if you have ever visit-
ed Yellowstone, but you should plan to see
it soon.
8.
S—The first recorded trip to the
Yellowstone geysers was made in 1807
by John Colter.
9.
S—Colter’s reports of rainbow-colored
pools, spouting geysers, and boiling mud-
holes were dismissed as hallucinations.
10.
CD-CX—After 1810, a number of trappers
and scouts visited the region, but few peo-
ple believed the stories that these explorers
brought back.
11.
CX—In 1870, an expedition that was headed
by Henry D. Washburn and Nathaniel P.
Langford finally discovered the truth
behind the stories.
12.
CD—The next year, Dr. Ferdinand Hayden,
head of the U.S. Geological Survey, led a
scientific expedition to Yellowstone; he
brought with him an artist and a
photographer.
13.
CD—Their reports captured the interest of
the nation, and Congress quickly acted to
preserve the region as a national park.
14.
CX—In 1988, much of Yellowstone’s forest
and meadowland was consumed by fire,
which was allowed to burn unchecked.
15.
S—In the event of fire, park policy is to let
nature take its course.
Literary Model: Poetry, pp. 108–109
EXERCISE A
1.
I wandered, looked—S
I heard—S
proofs, figures were ranged—S
I was shown—S
I heard—S
he lectured—S
I became—I
2.
complex
EXERCISE B
Answers may vary.
The speaker’s use of numerous long clauses
may be done in imitation of the astronomer’s
lecture style. The astronomer may lecture in
long, complex sentences that are sometimes
boring and hard to understand. This dry, schol-
arly style of teaching could cause the speaker to
want to escape and enjoy the simple beauty of
the stars alone.
EXERCISE C
Answers will vary.
As I sat motionless in one of a row of hard-
backed chairs,
As the scholar delivered a prepared, informed,
technically perfect oration,
While overhead fans barely stirred the warm,
stale air,
While pens tapped faintly on blank pages of
notebooks,
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52
H
OLT HANDBOOK
Third Course
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
I submitted to information on technicalities of
oil on canvas;
I shifted in my chair, crossed and uncrossed my
ankles,
And finally, after the polite patter of applause
faded,
I glided eagerly, breathlessly to the hallways of
lush, eloquent canvases.
EXERCISE D
Answers will vary.
1.
I sat—S
scholar delivered—S
fans stirred—S
pens tapped—S
I submitted—I
I shifted, crossed, uncrossed—I
patter faded—S
I glided—I
2.
compound-complex
3.
In the first eight lines, I used a series of long
subordinate clauses that describe tedious
activities. The reader, after reading this
series of clauses, will feel some of the rest-
lessness and boredom of the poem’s speak-
er. I used independent clauses to place the
emphasis on actions leading to the speak-
er’s release from boredom.
Writing Application: Instructions, p. 110
Writing Applications are designed to provide
students immediate composition practice in
using key concepts taught in each chapter of
the Language and Sentence Skills Practice booklet.
You may wish to evaluate student responses to
these assignments as you do any other writing
that students produce. To save grading time,
however, you may want to use the following
scoring rubric.
Scoring Rubric
A variety of sentence structures is used in the
set of instructions for adults.
12345
Mostly simple sentences are used in the set of
instructions for children.
12345
Both sets of instructions are sufficiently well
crafted that they could be successfully followed.
12345
The assignment is relatively free of errors in
usage and mechanics.
12345
Total Score
5 = highest; 1 = lowest
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